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AP Biology - Coggle Diagram
AP Biology
Unit 3
Enzyme Structure
Energy
Thermal energy
Heat
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
The 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics
Chemical reaction
Exergonic
Photosynthesis
Endergonic
Cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Oxidation means loss of electrons, while reduction means gain of electrons
Electrons are transferred from the oxidized material to the reduced material
Evolutionary significance of glycolysis
Decoupling Oxidative Phosphorylation from ETC
Substrate level phosphorylation vs. Oxidative phosphorylation
Photosynthesis
Overall equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Redox Reaction
Process
Calvin cycle in stroma
The fate of G3P
C3,C4, and CAM plants
Light reactions in thylakoids
Photosystem II and photosystem I
ETC
Pigments
Light absorption spectrum and the rate of photosynthesis
Chemisosmosis
How are ATP and NADPH produced?
Three phases of the cycle
Structure of a chloroplast
Enzyme
Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Functions
Temperature, pH, and chemical substances
Cofactors and coenzyme
Competitive vs. Non-competitive inhibitors
Enzyme Regulation
Allosteric regulation
inhibitor
cooperativity
Activator
Feedback inhibition
Gene expression regulation
Cellular Energy
ATP
Structure:
Phosphorylation
Energy coupling using exergonic and endergonic reactions
Enzyme Catalysis
Structure
active site
Substrate
Catalysis
enzyme-substrate complex
Induced fit
Unit 2
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Cell Size
Membrane Permeability
Plasma membranes
Passive Transport & Water Potential & Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
In passive transport, particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, until they are evenly spaced
Diffusion
Dynamic equilibrium at the end
Gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
net movement along the concerntration gradient
Tonicity and Osmoregulation
Osmosis
solution
hypotonic
hypdertonic
isotonic
Aquaporin
Water potential
Membrane Transport
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Cell size (why are cells small?)
Information within small cells is transmitted more quickly and efficiently than within larger cells
Concentration
Concentration gradient
concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another
Passive transport
osmosis
facilitated transport
diffusion
Osmolarity
Osmolarity refers to the number of solute particles per 1 L of solvent
Molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Mechanisms of Transport
Cotransport
Bulk transport
Active transport
Sodium-Potassium pump
Exocytosis vs. Endocytosis
Fluid-mosaic model
describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Selective permeability
Small, hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules freely enter; polar or charged substances cannot freely enter.
Cell Structure and Function
With
Structure and Function
Compartmentalization
Advantage(s) of having membrane bound organelles
Endomembrane system
Subcellular Components
Lysosome
Nucleus
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes vs. Chromatin
Cytoplasm
Phospholipid bilayer
Semi-permeable membrane (selective barrier
Plasma membrane
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Bound ribosome vs. Free ribosomes
Origins of Cell Compartmentalization
Endosymbiotic theory
Overview of photosynthesis
Overview of aerobic cellular respiration
Basic unit of life: A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing and is the basic building block of all organisms
Three domains of life
Arachae
Bacteria
Eukarya
Animal cell vs. Plant cell
Is fun!
Key terms
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kbsxK3m866H-nxg7fi2nqVhw9WFFwUzcr3wJiklztgQ/edit