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2. Cell Structure and Function, Unit 4, Evolutionary adaptations,…
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Unit 4
Cell Communication
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Multicellular organisms
Signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole
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Direct contact
- Cell junctions (Plant cell's plasmodesmata and animal cell's gap junctions)
- Surface markers embedded on the cell membrane
Cell - A basic unit of an organism* (smaller cell size = bigger surface to volume ratio = more efficient)
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Cell Cycle Control System
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M Checkpoint
Cancer
- Due to mutations in proto-oncogenes
- Oncogenes produce proteins that overstimulate the cell cycle
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Cyclins
- Forms cyclin-CDK complex with CDKs
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
- Enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins - Activated when bound to cyclins
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Ribosomes
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Bound ribosomes - Make proteins that are destined to be secreted from cell, incorporated into cell membrane, or used in lysosome.
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Unit 3
Metabolic Pathways
Catabolic
Cellular Respiration
Net product: 2 CO2, 2NADH, 2 acetyl CoA
Net product: 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
(1) Energy investment phase,
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- Decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from ETC
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Anabolic
Photsynthesis
Calvin cycle
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G3P - produced and released every three turns of Calvin cycle, used to build organic compounds (glucose)
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- Light energy is converted to chemical energy(sugar). Glucose molecules are constructed from water and carbon dioxide, and oxygen is released as a byproduct.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- Mitochondrion evolved first and later, one of them engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote that evolved into chloroplast.
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- starts with single diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells
- Somatic cells (non-reproductive body cells) are diploid
- Cell division enables reproduction of cells
- Growth, development, repair of damaged cells
- If the cell exits the cycle -> Enters G0 phase
- If the damaged DNA is not repaired -> Cell undergoes apoptosis (cell death)
Similar pathways and molecules are shared among prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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- At each step, the number of activated products is much greater than
in the preceding step
- The same signal can have different
effects in cells with different proteins and
pathways
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- Signal transduction is blocked or defective can have harmful effects
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- the ability of an organism (or a cell) to
maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external
conditions
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- Childbirth, ripening of fruit