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Unit 2 [Basic unit of life: Cell], Unit 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - phospholipids
        
        phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic polar heads & hydrophobic fatty-acids tails
      - carbohydrates
        
        allow cells to recognize each other
      - proteins
        
        peripheral (inner) & integral (partially or wholly embedded)
      - cholesterol
        
        controls the fluidity of the membrane depending on the temp.
        
        glycoprotein & glycolipid
    - - Small, hydrophobic, nonpolar => can move across the membrane by passing the phospholipid bilayer polar, charged (ex. sugar/ions) => cannot cross across the membrane & rely on transport proteins
- - - - plant cells
    - - animal cells
    - - nucleus
        
        nuclear envelope
        
        nuclear pores
        
        nucleolus
      - endoplasmic reticulum
        
        sER
        
        diverse functions
        
        synthesize lipids
        
        lacks libosomes
        
        rER
        
        embedded with ribosomes
        
        bound ribosomes
        
        destined to...
        
        secreted from the cell
        
        incorporated into the cell membrane
        
        used in lysosomes
        
        free ribosomes
        
        destined to
        
        remain and used inside
        
        to synthesize proteins
      - golgi apparatus
        
        proteins received through transport vesicles are modified, stored, and then sent to other destinations with new transport vesicles
        
        made of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae:
        cis face & trans face
      - lysosome
      - vacuoles
        
        food vacuoles
        
        contractile vacuoles
        
        large central vacuole
      - importance
        
        internal membranes: help cellular processes by minimizing competing interactions and by increasing surface areas where reactions occur
        
        membranes & membrane-bound organelles: divide the processes and reactions into sections
    - - double membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
      - outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, matrix
      - responsible for aerobic cellular respiration
        
        aerobic cellular respiration
        
        requires oxygen
        
        sugar molecules are completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water
        
        energy stored in chemical bonds of sugar molecules is released -> produces ATP
        
        C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 28-32 ATP
    - - outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, stroma, granum, thylakoid, thylakoid space
      - used in photosynthesis
        
        photosynthesis
        
        light energy, carbon dioxide, and water required to make sugar molecules and oxygen as a byproduct
        
        6CO2 + 6H2O --light-energy--> 6C12H6O + O2
    - - early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using, non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell (--> mitochondria)
        
        later engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote (--> chlrorplast)
      - double membrane, ribosomes, multiple circular DNA chromosomes, autonomous
- - - - net(=total) movement of molecules down the concentration gradient
        
        dynamic equilibrium: net movement stops
      - allows gas exchange to occur between the lungs, blood, and cells
    - - diffusion of water
      - aquaporins
        
        integral membrane proteins that water molecules can more easily travel through
      - water potential
        
        measurement of the amount of free energy found in a mole of water (how likely water molecules are to move from their current position to somewhere else)
        
        free energy: the amount of energy available to do work (movement)
        
        abbreviated by the greek letter psi and is measured in bars
        
        water move from areas of high water potential (high free energy) to areas with low water potential (low free energy)
        
        water potential ( ) = p + s
        
        open container = p = 0
        
        solute added to the water: water potential increases and becomes negative
        
        p (pressure potential) - how much pressure is exerted by the cell wall on the water inside a plant cell
        
        s (solute potential) - solute concentration
        
        s = -iCRT
        
        i = ionization constant - how many dissolved particles form one molecule
        
        C = Molar Concentration - (moles/Liters)
        
        R = pressure constant (0.0831 L•bar/mol•K)
        
        T = temperature in Kelvin (K = C + 273)
    - - channels proteins
        
        allows specific molecules/ions to quickly tunnel through the cell membrane
      - carrier proteins
        
        specific solutes bind to the protein - protein's shape change - release of solute on the other side
  - - - use a phosphate from ATP to change its shape to perform its function
      - 3 Na+ ions out & 2 K+ ions in
      - electrochemical gradient - inside more negative
      - membrane potential - measurement of the charge difference across a cell membrane
    - - exocytosis (goes out)
      - endocytosis (comes in)
- - - - starting molecule (A) --enzymes--> intermediate (B) --enzyme2--> intermediate2 (C) --enzyme--> product
      - catabolic pathway: break & release energy
        
        exergonic reaction
        
        cellular respiration
        
        Redox reaction: C6H12O6 (oxi) + 6O2 (red) -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 28-32 ATP
        
        electrons are transferred with hydrogen ions
        
        electron carrier molecules
        
        aerobic cellular respiration
        
        pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
        
        2 more items...
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        3 more items...
        
        glycolysis
        
        4 more items...
        
        anaerobic cellular respiration: fermentation
        
        alcohol
        
        lactic acid
      - anabolic pathway: make & consume/require energy
        
        endergonic reaction
        
        photosynthesis
        
        autotroph VS heterotrophs
        
        6H2O (oxi) + 6CO2 (red) --light energy--> C6H12O6 + 6O2
        
        solar energy required for the process to proceed
        
        outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, stroma, granum, thylakoid, thylakoid space + stomata
        
        chlorophyll: green pigment within chloroplasts
        
        in the membranes of thylakoids
        
        the light absorption spectrum and the rate of photosynthesis
        
        3 more items...
        
        mesophyll: interior tissue of the leaf
        
        Process
        
        Light Reactions
        
        photosystem: protein complex in thylakoid membrane that converts light into chemical energy
        
        1 more item...
        
        Calvin Cycle
        
        C3, C4 & CAM
        
        4 more items...
        
        ETC & Chemiosmosis
      - Thermodynamics
        
        1st law: energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
        
        2nd law: every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (heat) of universe
        
        entropy: measure of disorder or randomness
      - enzymatic regulation
        
        gene expression regulation
        
        allosteric regulation
        
        activator
        
        inhibitor
        
        cooperativity
        
        feedback inhibition
    - - substrate: reactant that an enzyme acts on
      - active site: region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
      - interaction between chemical groups when a substrate binds to the active site (= enzyme-substrate complex), the shape changes and have [induced fit] - allows the chemical group in the active site to catalyze rxns
      - factos affecting enzyme functions
        
        temp, pH, chemical substances
        
        cofactors and coenzymes
        
        competitive VS non-competitive inhibitors
  - - - heat: thermal energy in transfer