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Chapters 9 & 10: Learning, Camryn Liem - Coggle Diagram
Chapters 9 & 10: Learning
Classical Conditioning
10) Discrimination
: A response only to the specific stimulus that has been conditioned
8) Generalization
: A response to another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
11) Spontaneous recovery
: Reappearance of the stimulus-response after a period of time without any obvious reason
9) Taste Aversion
: A unique conditioned aversion that is accomplished rapidly by a single pairing of an illness or symptoms such as nausea with eating a specific food, even though the food is not the actual cause
John Garcia
: He found that if he gave flavored water to rats and followed that with radiation, giving them a toxic reaction, the rats would be adverse to the water. This is known as the Garcia effect
Operant conditioning
13) Law of Effect
: States that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be reduced or stopped
Edward Thorndike
: He created an experiment where he put a cat in a puzzle box with a lever that opened it located on the inside. He put a piece of fish outside of the box, so that the cats attempted to escape. The cats eventually found out that the lever needed to be pushed for them to get out and eat the fish. After doing this over and over again, it became a learned behavior.
14) Superstitious Behaviors
: Actions that are only incidentally tied to good results
15) Reinforcing Stimulus (reinforcement)
: A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
12) Punishing Stimulus (Punishment)
: A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
If a student misbehaves in class and the teacher yells at them, they will be less likely to misbehave in the future.
Schedules of Reinforcement
1) Continuous Reinforcement
: Occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced
Each time a dog sits, he gets a cookie to reinforce this behavior.
2) Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
: When a response is not reinforced every time, which results in slower acquisition but much greater resistance to extinction
(Ratio schedules, interval schedules, variable reinforcement, fixed reinforcement)
3) Variable interval reinforcement
: unpredictable reinforcement, the first behavior after variable amounts of time is rewarded
Social and biological factors
4) Desensitization therapy
: therapy designed to reduce sensitivity to a feared stimulus
Mary Cover Jones
: Inspired by lecture by John Watson, wondered if classical conditioning and generalization could be used to reduce a fear rather than create one, known as the "mother of behavioral psychology"
7) Social learning theory
: people learn behaviors through observational learning -- watching and mimicking others.
5) Vicarious reinforcement
: when the viewer watched the consequences of a behavior and that behavior is reinforced in them
6) Reciprocal Determinism
: The environment influences the organism and its cognition which in turn influence the environment
Camryn Liem
