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Chapter 12 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Process known as multiaxial diagnosis
        
        In this process, psychologists consider not only the "abnormal" behavior but also general medical conditions
    - - Neurosis
        
        Before the DSIM-IV, this term was used as a label for subjective distress or self-defeating behaviour that did not show signs of brain anomalies or grossly irrational thinking
      - World was replaced by the word "disorder"
    - - A disorder involving profound disturbances in perception, rational thinking, or affect
  - - - Abnormal disturbances in emotion or mood, including bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder. Mood disorders are also called affective disorders
    - - A form of depression that does not alternate with mania
      - Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
        
        A form of depression caused by deprivation of sunlight
      - Most common form of depression, or the "common cold" of psychological problems
      - Causes of Depression
        
        Severe bouts with depression often runs in families
        
        Depression is related to low brain activity in the left frontal lobe
        
        Special form of depression that appears most frequently during the long, dark winters
      - Who becomes depressed?
        
        Women have higher depression rates than men because women think about the possible causes of their feelings while men try and distract from their feelings
        
        Depression is more common now than it was 50 years ago
    - - A mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression
      - Formerly known as manic-depressive disorder
      - 1% of the population experiences bipolar
  - - - Mental problems characterized mainly by anxiety. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, specific phobias, and obsessive compulsive disorders
    - - Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
    - - Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience
      - Brain mechanism responsible for this condition lies in the amygdala
    - - A fear of public places and open spaces, commonly accompanying panic disorder
    - - Phobias
        
        A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
      - Preparadness Hypothesis
        
        The notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
      - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
        
        Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
  - - - Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause
    - - Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease
  - - - A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal
        information
    - - Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight”from one’s home, family, and job
      - In such persons amnesia takes the form of a lost sense of identity
      - Some fictims appear disoriented and perplexed
    - - Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
    - - A condition in which an individual displays multiple identities, or personalities, formerly known as multiple personality disorder
      - Ex: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
      - Not a psychotic disorder
  - - - An eating disorder that involves a persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual's health and stems from emotional or psychological reasons rather than from organic causes
    - - An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by purges induced by vomiting or laxatives; typically initiated as a weight control measure
  - - - Disorganized type
        
        Features
        
        Incoherent Speech
        
        hallucinations,
        
        delusions,
        
        bizarre behavior
      - Catatonic type
        
        Involves stupor or extreme excitement
      - Paranoid Type
        
        Combination of delusions and hallucinations
      - Undifferentiated Type
        
        Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories
      - Residual Type
        
        Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms
      - Positive Schizophrenia
        
        Any form in which the person displays active symptoms such as hallucinations
      - Negative Schizophrenia
        
        Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes
    - - Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors
        
        genetics
        
        abnormal brain structure
        
        biochemistry
      - Diathesis-stress hypothesis
        
        The proposal that says that genetic factors place the individuals at risk while environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder
- - - - Mental illness
      - Mental disorder
      - Psychological disorder
  - - - False sensory experiences that may suggest mental disorder. Hallucinations can have other causes, such as drugs or sensory isolation
    - - Extreme disorders of thinking, involving persistent false beliefs. Delusions are the hallmark of paranoid disorders
  - - - The view that mental disorders are diseases, that like ordinary physical diseases, have objective physical causes and require physical treatment
        
        Led to the creation of insane asylums
        
        While not perfect, was an improvement on its predecessors
    - - Replaced medical model
      - Most clinical psychologists have now turned to a combination of psychological perspectives
      - Social-Cognitive Behavioural Approach
        
        A psychological alternative to the medical model that views psychological disorder through a combination of the social, cognitive, and behavioural perspectives
        
        Behavioural Perspective
        
        Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning
        
        Cognitive perspective
        
        Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others
        
        Typical of this approach is Albert Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism
      - Biopsychology of Mental Disorder
        
        Modern biopsychology assumes that some mental disturbances involve the brain or nervous system in some way
    - - Ancient Greeks believed that psychologiogical issues were caused by imbalances among four body fluids called "humours"
      - However, by the Middle Ages, superstition had replaced the old Greek theory
        
        Witchcraft and Demons
        
        The "cure" involved attempts to drive out the demons who possessed the victim's soul
        
        Many mentally disturbed people were tortured and executed across Europe as many people believed that they were "witches"
        
        Salem Witch Trials
        
        Group of young girls had frightened the community with a rash of convlusions and reports of sensory disturbances that were interpreted as a sign of demonic possession
        
        Modern analysis states that they were suffering from poisoning by a fungus growing on rye grain-same fungus that produces LSD