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Chapter 7: Policy Implementation - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 7: Policy Implementation
Methods / Techniques:
(either combination or single use - depends on the policy typology or category)
Inspection:
•To control and check whether the implementation follow the standards prescribed in policy or not.
•Continuous or periodical in nature.
• Reflect the level of policy compliance to correct undesirable conditions during its implementation.
•Disadvantage: Costly
•Adv. : High compliance
Licensing:
•Govt. authorization to engage in certain activities which might otherwise forbid.
•Eg. : Issuance of a driving licence to drivers.
•Adv./ Dis.: Sources of revenue, Demand high political support.
Aids (Loan & Subsidy):
•To control and bringing policy compliances.
•Eg.: Commodity loans and payment available for agricultural activities to support farmers.
•Adv./ Dis.: Increases government expenditure, Restructuring funds & benefit to public.
Contracting:
•To control private organisations for compliance.
•Requirements exist
•Violators can be denied right of continuation to implement present or future policy program.
•Adv./ Dis.: Increase service delivery efficiency, Reduce government expenditure, Private organisation provide services cost which burdened the public.
Government expenditure:
•To resolve economic problems.
•Eg.: During inflation, government expenditure for some programs are cut to control inflationary pressure.
•Adv./Dis.: Economic activities become stable, Public dependency on government intervention is high, Burdens to government.
Types of procedures for policy implementation
2) Informal procedure - For example, an outcome from negotiation or correspondence.
3) Voluntary regulations -regulations introduced by organization to control, encourage, discourage certain behavior such as smoking, safety, ethical behavior, penalties or rewards.
1) Formal procedure - eg.: procedures to renew license or passport
4) Non-voluntary regulations - It is mandatory. - Procedures describe in details policy implementation requirement such as who, what, when and how.
Political Support
Specific support : means a person’s satisfaction with specific policies and with the performance of the government
Diffuse support : A persons conviction that the existence and functioning of the government conform to his or her moral or ethical principles about what is right in the political sphere
Policy implementation techniques
1) Command and control approach - Situation where political authority will mandate people.
-Through enacting law to bring a behavior and use an enforcement machinery to get people obey the law.
-For example, in environmental policy, CAC approach basically involves setting standards to protect or improve environmental quality
2) Economic approach - Economic approach inform decisions about the efficiency and allocation of resources to implementation strategies. Assesses the efficiency and allocation of resources to intervention that may improve health care and health outcomes. It is commonly used in the assessment of health services, economic evaluation (tools) for making strategies in implementing research knowledge.
Approaches
Bottom-up:
The lower level officials at the local or state are directly involved in designing implementation goals
Advantages:
1)Empower grass root to think more creatively.
2)Solutions are driven more by practical requirements.
Disadvantages:
1) street level bureaucrats usually not accountable to the people
2) ignore the fact that many policies are created in a top-down manner)
Procedural:
Policy is made by policy makers as guidelines
Advantages:
1) clearly articulate roles and responsibilities
2)Mandatory to follow
Disadvantages:
1) behavior deviate from procedure
2) Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.
Top down :
Top down implementation is carrying out of a policy decision by statute, executive order, or court decision
Advantages:
1) Clear hierarchy of authority
2) Rules established at the top and policy is aligned with the rules.
Disadvantages:
1) Fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making
2) Ignore or eliminate the political aspects of implementation
Problems / Constraint in implementing policy.
2) Costly/ expensive - Implementing a policy require high allocation and more budget from the government. Sometimes, the government may not able to fund the policy that has been introduced hence they will introduce other policy that is in their budget that not need more money.
3) Non-supportive action from the opposition parties -The implementation of the policy will make the political influence arises among the interest and pressure groups. They might have the intention to lobbying the people and influence the society to not support the policy through various agenda or propaganda.
4) Infinity objectives - Policy makers might face various constraints in implementing the policy due to many factors. The policy makers must have their own target to reach their goals to achieve their objectives in implementing the policy.
1) Time constraint -Most of the policies that being implemented is used in a short period of time. The policy maker cannot screen out or filter the effectiveness of the policy due to the short period of time which later results to the negative outcomes.
Condition for effective implementation
10 conditions according to Hogwood and Gunn (1984)
1) Policy must not exceed the judicial or constitutional limits
2) Adequate time frame and financial resources
3) Adequate staff and guidelines or procedures
4) Policy and theory in practice must be compatible
5) Policy must be direct and not complex
6) The implementation of the policy must not depend on others
7) Basic objectives of the policy must be well understood and agreed
8) Task must be specified and in appropriate sequence
9) Policy implementors must have the same information base and communicate well with others.
10) Implementing agencies must work towards total compliance.
Introduction:
After policy option is adopted, and gazetted public policy is ready for implementation.
Implementation process consists:
-Rule-making
-Rule- administration
-Rule-adjudication.
Elements
Actors & Agemcies
Procedures
3.Methods / Techniques
Political Support
Process:
Statute
Angency Rules & Reguations
Agency Enforcement Actions
Outputs
Outcomes
Purposes:
To bring about compliance & control
To make people to do things
To refrain people from doing things
To make people continue to do
Meaning:
The realization, application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.
In political science ,implementation refers to the carrying out of public policy.
Legislature
Implement policy
Determine the agencies discretion by specifying and approving the uses of fund
Legislatives veto gives legislature the authoritative power to exercise
The courts
Roles of courts in policy implementation:
Courts interpreted public laws and legislation
Courts control behavior and actions of agencies and officers
Bureaucracy:
Offices of administrative agencies:
called bureaucracy
decides rulea and procedures
5 Interest Groups
Build relationship which can become so close to influence -the implementation of policy.
Can directly participate in policy implementing.
Actors and Agencies
(Refer to Anderson pp. 216-222)
Bureaucracy
Legislature Courts
Courts
Pressure groups
Community organizations
Community Organizations
Involve in policy implementation especially at the local level.
Actively involve in policy program implementation such as policy of toxic waste management in some developed countries.