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CHAPTER 7- POLICY IMPLEMENTATION - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7- POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Policy Implementation
- Implementation is the application or execution of a plan, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm or policy which in political science it refers to carrying out of public policy.
Process
Agency Enforcement Actions
Outputs
Agency Rules and Regulations
Outcome
Statute
Involve 4 elements
Actors and Agencies
Procedures
Methods/Techniques
Political support
Actors and Agencies
Bureaucracy
Officers of administrative agencies are called bureaucracy. They decides rules and procedures for implementation and carried them out.
Legislature
Legislators determine the agencies discretion by approving the uses of fund for specific policy program. Legislatives veto gives legislature the authoritative power to exercise control over what have been done by the administrative agencies in implanting policies.
Courts
Public laws are enforced by judicial branch of the government. Courts interpreted public laws and legislation. It also control the behavior and actions of agencies and officers.
Pressure groups
Build relationship which can become so close to influence the implementation of policy. Pressure groups can directly participate in the implementation of policy.
Community organizations
Involve in implementation of the policy in local level. For example, involve in policy of toxic waste management.
Methods and their constraints
Inspection
Controlling and checking whether the implementation obeying the standards prescribed in policy or not
Advantages/Disadvantages
Costly
High compliance
Licensing
Control technique involve an enabling actions through government authorization.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Sources of revenue
Demand high political support
Aids
Controlling and bringing policy compliances.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Increases government expenditure
Useful for restructuring wealth / benefit to public
Contracting
Controlling private organization where they must comply.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Increase efficiency in service delivery
Reduce government expenditure
Private provide services at cost – financial burden
Shifted to public
Government expenditure
The use of government expenditure to overcome economic issues.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Economic activities are more stable – encourage
New entry to market
Public dependency on government intervention is
High
Burdens government
Approaches
Top down
the carrying out of a policy decision—by statute, executive order or court decision
Disadvantages
• Fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making process
• Ignore or eliminate the political aspects of implementation. The legislation “often requires ambiguous language and contradictory goals” in order to gain enough votes for passage
• Top-down approach see the “statute framers as key actors,” compared to lower level officials
Advantages
• clear and consistent goals—articulated at the top of the hierarchical environment
• knowledge of pertinent cause and effects
• clear hierarchy of authority
• rules established at the top and policy is aligned with the rules
• resources / capacity to carry out the commands from the top
Bottom-up
The lower level officials at the local or state are directly involved in designing implementation goals, strategies, and activities
Disadvantages
• Street-level bureaucrats are usually not accountable to the people. In this case, the local agents may intentionally subvert the elected officials’ policy goals and engage personal sub goals
• Bottom-uppers ignore the fact that many policies are created in a top-down manner, and likely in a manner which reinforces top-down authority.
Advantages
• Empower grass root to think more creatively.
• Solutions are driven more by practical requirements than
abstract notions as in the case of top down approach.
Procedural
Procedures define how the organization / government agencies wants to do it
Advantages
• Clearly articulate roles and responsibilities
• Describes in detail the process or steps to be taken in order to
• Implement a policy.
• Mandatory to follow
• Procedures will evolve over time in response to internal or
• External environment changes.
Disadvantages
• Action / behavior deviate from procedure if they are not well understood/difficult to follow
• Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.
Problems
Time constraint
The policy implement only for a short period of time. Hence, the policy makers did not able to know the effectiveness of the policy.
Costly
The policy need a high allocation from the government. The investment to the policy may not convincing the government to get the return on investment.
Authoritative decision
The redundancy of making the decision and from who the decision should get. It is due to the who makes the policy and which party implement the policy.
Non-supportive action from the opposition parties
The opposition parties try to lobby the society about the misconception about policy introduced.
'infinity' objectives
The ability and effort taken to make the realization of the policy. Due to many obstacles and barriers occur, the policy makers face variable challenges on the policy itself.
Policy implementation techniques
Command and control approach
It is one where political authorities mandate the people. Basically, this approach involves in setting standards to protect or improve environmental quality.
Economic approach
Economic evaluation can inform decision about the efficiency and allocations of resources to implementation strategies. It access the efficiency and allocation of resources to intervention that may improve health care and health outcomes.