MINDMAP CHAPTER 7: POLICY PROCESS / POLICY CIRCLE

DEFINITION OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ACTORS & AGENCIES

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION METHODS/TECHNIQUES & THEIR CONSTRAINTS

DEFINITION:

  • Implementation of Policy is referring to the execution of plan.
  • carrying out of PUBLIC POLICY.
  • LEGISLATURES - TO - PUBLIC SERVANTS

Agency Enforcement Actions- here is where the beginning of the policy implementation within the agencies.

Outputs- policy being implement within the society and nation.

Agency rules & Regulations- this is where the agencies will take incharge on the rules & regulations of the policy.

Outcomes- this refers to the results of the policy whether the society are willing to adapt to the policy positively or not.

Statue- refers to the first stage where involving legislatures who will debate on the policy to be.

4 Elements

Procedures

Methods / techniques

Courts

Pressure/Interest Groups

Legislature

Community Organizations

Bureaucracy

Actor & Agencies

Political support

-They are the officers of administrative agencies who decide on the rules and procedures for implementation and carry them out.


-Those who engaged in the legislative process do not develop particular guidelines because of the lack of time, interest and information

PURPOSE:

  • to bring about compliance & control
  • to make people to do things
  • to refrain people from doing things
  • to make people continue to do things

Costly: More or less the policy proposed needs high allocation from the government

Authoritative decision: The problem is 'redundancy' of making the decision and from who the decision should get

Time constraint: Policy implemented only for short time

INSPECTION- to control and check whether the implementation follow the standards prescribed or not

-The legislators will implement the policies by ensuring specific law for putting policies into effect are followed.


-They determine the agencies discretion by specifying or approving the uses of the fund for specific policy programs.


-The legislatives veto gives the legislature the authoritative power to exercise control over the things that have been done by the administrative agencies in implanting the policies

LICENSING- government authorization to engage in certain activities which might otherwise forbid.

-Majority of the public laws are imposed by the judicial branch of the government


-The Courts actively play the roles in policy implementation. They interpreted the public laws and legislation. They also control behaviour and actions of the officers and agencies.

Non- supportive action from the opposition parties: Political influenced arises among the interest group and pressure group.

Formal Procedures

  • refers to any kind of policy or action that need a procedures.
  • eg. procedures to renew license or passport.

-They are the ones who surround the administrative agencies.


-Interest groups build relationship which can become so close to influence the implementation of policy.


-They can directly participate in the implementation of policy.

Informal Procedures

  • refers to the outcomes from negotiation and correspondence.

Voluntary Regulations - regulation introduced by organization to control/encourage/ discourage certain behavior

Infinity Objectives: To achieve the objectives, government must have the targeted goals on the certain period.

Non-Voluntary Regulations - is mandatory. Procedures describes in detail policy implementation requirement.

-They are those who are always involve in the implementation of policy especially at the local level.


-Various adversely boards are drown from the community organization


-They actively involve in policy program implementation such as policy of toxic waste management in some developed countries.

Conditions for effective implementation: 10 conditions by Hogwood and Gunn (1984)

Cause effect relationship - the policy must be very direct and not complex and easily to understand

Dependency relationship - the implementing agency must not dependent on others

The policy in theory and practice must be compatible

The basic objective of policy must be well understood and agreed upon by all the implementing agencies

There must be adequate staff and guidelines/procedures

Task must be specified and in an appropriate sequence

There must be adequate time frame and financial resources(budget)

Policy implementers must have the same information base, interpret in the same way and communicate well to each other

Policy must not exceed the judicial/ constitutional limits of the agency.

Implementing agencies must work towards total compliance

CONSTRAINT- costly

AIDS- controlling and bringing policy compliances.

CONSTRAINT- demand high political support

CONSTRAINTS- increases government expenditure

CONTRACTING- controlling private organizations and must comply

CONSTRAINT- private provide services at cost- burden is shifted to public

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE- to resolve economic problems

Political support:

Specific support - Means a person's satisfaction with specific policies and with the performance of the government.

Diffuse support- means a person's conviction that the existence and functioning of the government conform to his or her moral or ethical principles about what is right in the political sphere.

CONSTRAINT- burdens governments

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES THEIR CONTRAINTS

COMMAND & CONTROL

Economic

Top down

Bottom-up

Procedural approach:

By enacting a law, to bring about a behavior and use the enforcement machinery to get people to obey the law

In environmental policy, this approach mostly involves in setting standards to protect or improve environmental quality

This is where the political authorities mandate the people

carrying out of a policy decision

policy rules and regulations are set at higher levels in a political process and are then communicated to subordinate levels.

Procedures is developed by policy implementers

Procedures describe in details the process to implement a policy

Procedure define how the organization/ government agencies wants to do it

It assesses the efficiency and allocation of resources to interventions that may improve healthcare and health outocomes

Frequently used in the assessment of health services, economic evaluation is a potentially useful tool for making decisions on strategies for implementing research knowledge into clinical practice, management or health policy

It can inform decisions about the efficiency and allocation of resources to implementation strategies

Confronted with a problem of implementation, decision-makers who wish to derive the greatest benefits from available resources must spend on some form of economic evaluation

Procedures are written in sequential order at a relatively high level and assign responsibilities

Procedure refers to the process rather than the result

CONTRAINT- fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making process

the lower level officials at the local or state are directly involved in designing implementation goals, strategies, and activities.

Advantages:

Mandatory to follow

Procedures will evolve over time in response to internal or external environment changes

Clearly articulate roles and responsibilities

Example, University/ college procedures

Disadvantages:

CONTRAINT- street-level bureaucrats are usually not accountable to the people.

Action/ behaviour deviate from procedure if they are not well understood

Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.

ADVANTAGE- solution are driven more by practical requirements than abstract notions as in the case of top down approach

ADVANTAGE-clear and consistent goals