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MINDMAP CHAPTER 7: POLICY PROCESS / POLICY CIRCLE - Coggle Diagram
MINDMAP CHAPTER 7: POLICY PROCESS / POLICY CIRCLE
DEFINITION OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
DEFINITION:
Implementation of Policy is referring to the execution of plan.
carrying out of PUBLIC POLICY.
LEGISLATURES - TO - PUBLIC SERVANTS
PURPOSE:
to bring about compliance & control
to make people to do things
to refrain people from doing things
to make people continue to do things
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
Agency Enforcement Actions- here is where the beginning of the policy implementation within the agencies.
Outputs- policy being implement within the society and nation.
Agency rules & Regulations- this is where the agencies will take incharge on the rules & regulations of the policy.
Outcomes- this refers to the results of the policy whether the society are willing to adapt to the policy positively or not.
Statue- refers to the first stage where involving legislatures who will debate on the policy to be.
4 Elements
Procedures
Formal Procedures
refers to any kind of policy or action that need a procedures.
eg. procedures to renew license or passport.
Informal Procedures
refers to the outcomes from negotiation and correspondence.
Voluntary Regulations - regulation introduced by organization to control/encourage/ discourage certain behavior
Non-Voluntary Regulations - is mandatory. Procedures describes in detail policy implementation requirement.
Methods / techniques
Actor & Agencies
Political support
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ACTORS & AGENCIES
Courts
-Majority of the public laws are imposed by the judicial branch of the government
-The Courts actively play the roles in policy implementation. They interpreted the public laws and legislation. They also control behaviour and actions of the officers and agencies.
Pressure/Interest Groups
-They are the ones who surround the administrative agencies.
-Interest groups build relationship which can become so close to influence the implementation of policy.
-They can directly participate in the implementation of policy.
Legislature
-The legislators will implement the policies by ensuring specific law for putting policies into effect are followed.
-They determine the agencies discretion by specifying or approving the uses of the fund for specific policy programs.
-The legislatives veto gives the legislature the authoritative power to exercise control over the things that have been done by the administrative agencies in implanting the policies
Community Organizations
-They are those who are always involve in the implementation of policy especially at the local level.
-Various adversely boards are drown from the community organization
-They actively involve in policy program implementation such as policy of toxic waste management in some developed countries.
Bureaucracy
-They are the officers of administrative agencies who decide on the rules and procedures for implementation and carry them out.
-Those who engaged in the legislative process do not develop particular guidelines because of the lack of time, interest and information
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS
Costly:
More or less the policy proposed needs high allocation from the government
Authoritative decision:
The problem is 'redundancy' of making the decision and from who the decision should get
Time constraint
: Policy implemented only for short time
Non- supportive action from the opposition parties:
Political influenced arises among the interest group and pressure group.
Infinity Objectives:
To achieve the objectives, government must have the targeted goals on the certain period.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION METHODS/TECHNIQUES & THEIR CONSTRAINTS
INSPECTION- to control and check whether the implementation follow the standards prescribed or not
CONSTRAINT- costly
LICENSING- government authorization to engage in certain activities which might otherwise forbid.
CONSTRAINT- demand high political support
AIDS- controlling and bringing policy compliances.
CONSTRAINTS- increases government expenditure
CONTRACTING- controlling private organizations and must comply
CONSTRAINT- private provide services at cost- burden is shifted to public
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE- to resolve economic problems
CONSTRAINT- burdens governments
Conditions for effective implementation: 10 conditions by Hogwood and Gunn (1984)
Cause effect relationship - the policy must be very direct and not complex and easily to understand
Dependency relationship - the implementing agency must not dependent on others
The policy in theory and practice must be compatible
The basic objective of policy must be well understood and agreed upon by all the implementing agencies
There must be adequate staff and guidelines/procedures
Task must be specified and in an appropriate sequence
There must be adequate time frame and financial resources(budget)
Policy implementers must have the same information base, interpret in the same way and communicate well to each other
Policy must not exceed the judicial/ constitutional limits of the agency.
Implementing agencies must work towards total compliance
Political support:
Specific support -
Means a person's satisfaction with specific policies and with the performance of the government.
Diffuse support
- means a person's conviction that the existence and functioning of the government conform to his or her moral or ethical principles about what is right in the political sphere.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES THEIR CONTRAINTS
COMMAND & CONTROL
By enacting a law, to bring about a behavior and use the enforcement machinery to get people to obey the law
In environmental policy, this approach mostly involves in setting standards to protect or improve environmental quality
This is where the political authorities mandate the people
Economic
It assesses the efficiency and allocation of resources to interventions that may improve healthcare and health outocomes
Frequently used in the assessment of health services, economic evaluation is a potentially useful tool for making decisions on strategies for implementing research knowledge into clinical practice, management or health policy
It can inform decisions about the efficiency and allocation of resources to implementation strategies
Confronted with a problem of implementation, decision-makers who wish to derive the greatest benefits from available resources must spend on some form of economic evaluation
Top down
carrying out of a policy decision
policy rules and regulations are set at higher levels in a political process and are then communicated to subordinate levels.
CONTRAINT- fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making process
ADVANTAGE-clear and consistent goals
Bottom-up
the lower level officials at the local or state are directly involved in designing implementation goals, strategies, and activities.
CONTRAINT- street-level bureaucrats are usually not accountable to the people.
ADVANTAGE- solution are driven more by practical requirements than abstract notions as in the case of top down approach
Procedural approach:
Procedures is developed by policy implementers
Procedures describe in details the process to implement a policy
Procedure define how the organization/ government agencies wants to do it
Procedures are written in sequential order at a relatively high level and assign responsibilities
Procedure refers to the process rather than the result
Advantages:
Mandatory to follow
Procedures will evolve over time in response to internal or external environment changes
Clearly articulate roles and responsibilities
Example, University/ college procedures
Disadvantages:
Action/ behaviour deviate from procedure if they are not well understood
Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.