Babyhood, Early & Late Childhood, and Adolescence
Babyhood - first two years of life
Adolescence - children become sexually mature and ending when they reach the age of legal maturity;
Early Childhood - 2 years to 6 years
Late Childhood - age of six years to the time the individual becomes sexually mature
Developments
Social
Cognitive
Emotional
Physical
Height - mean length for males and females at birth is 48.85 cms. And 48.14 cms., respectively; males are longer than females from birth to one year of age from 0.71 cms. at birth to 2.05 cms. at 11 months; most rapid growth during the second year of life occurs during the first quarter (12-15 months) for both males and females andthe slowest during the third quarter (18-21 months) for the males and the fourth quarter (21-24 months) for the females; total growth for the second year of life is greater than that of the third year of life for both sexes indicating further a decelerating growth rate in length.
Weight - male infants are heavier by 0.11 kgs. than the females; mean weight of males at birth is 3.05 kgs while that of females is 2.94 kgs.; from birth up to the end of the first year of life, the males are heavier than the females, gaining 6.07-5.33 kgs., respectively; mean birth weight during the second year of life is very much less, 35% and 45% of the average weight gain for males and females, respectively.
Teeth - he lower central incisors tend to precede the upprer central incisors and the upper lateral incisors to precede the lower laterals.The first tooth to erupt is the lower central incisor followed by the upper central, the upper lateral, and lower lateral incisors. The lower and upper molars generally erupt during the first half of the second year of life; the cuspids, in the second half.
Development of Understanding - what they observe (level of intelligence & previous experiences; develops through sensory exploration and motor manipulation.
Home is the foundation for later social behavior and attitudes are laid; social adjustments are important in social foundations laid in babyhood.
Common emotional patterns shown in babyhood include anger, fear, curiosity, joy and affection.
Developments
Social
Cognitive
Emotional
Physical
Body Proportions - In the head, the forehead area develops faster than the lower parts of the face; The trunk grows longer and broader. The arms grow much longer between babyhood and age six. The legs grow at a slower rate than the arms. They are also thin and the muscles are not well developed. The feet grow broader and longer and the toes are proportionately too shorts for the rest of the foot.The bones are still soft and can easily be deformed.
Pre-operational Phase - Deferred imitation, Symbolic play; Drawing; Mental image; Verbal Evocation
Children find social contacts with members of their own sex more pleasurable than those with members of the opposite sex
Emotions are usually felt more strongly and expressed more openly;
Social
Cognitive
Emotional
Physical
Slow and relatively uniform growth until the changes of puberty begin, approximately two years before the child becomes sexually mature, at which time growth speeds up markedly
Period of Concrete Operation - “Decentering” is a development of the thinking function where the child transfers what is now centered at the level of action to a mental level of assimilation.
Responds to a number of individuals in the group and integrate the various roles or set of norms of the group; begin to form Friendships within the context of the peer group.
Developed in the context of social groups; come in contact with wider circles of people in school and nonhome environment.
Social
Cognitive
Physical
Emotional
Growth is far from complete when puberty ends, nor is it entirely complete at the end of early adolescence; Satisfaction with the physical changes that take place as children’s bodies are transformed into adult bodies
“cognitive spurt”; intellectual growth are both quantitative and qualitative.
adjustments must be made to achieve the goal of preparing themselves for adult patterns of socialization
period of “storm and stress” –a time of heightened emotional tension resulting from the physical and gradular changes