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THE EARLY MODERN AGE, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - Surplus in production (excess food)
        
        Surplus products were sold in the city merchants
      - Merchants/Traders
        
        Travelled in search of new markets
        
        They established trade routes
    - - Guilds
        
        An association of craftsmen
        
        They controlled the products that were made
    - - Main crops cereals
      - Societies were very vulnerable
        
        Bad crops
        
        Hunger
        
        Diseases
      - Three-field system
        
        Rotating it crops each year
        
        One section left fallow to recover the nutrients
        
        Divide the area of cultivated land into 3
  - - - Metals
      - Foods
      - Spices
    - - Economic system belonged to private owners
        --Generally bourgeoisie--
      - They created trading companies to generate profits.
  - - - Interest
        
        The bankers lent money in exchange for returning the same amount plus an additional amount
      - The most important banking families
        
        Medici in Florence
        
        Fugger family in Germany
      - Known as mercantile capitalism
    - - The bill of exchange was created
        
        Guaranteed that the banker would pay a merchant
        
        it was no longer necessary to travel with cash
- - - - Characteristics
        
        They were a minority
        
        They owned most of the land
        
        They were the only ones who
        had access to high political positions
        
        They didn't pay taxes
        
        They were judge by special tribunals
      - It consisted of
        
        Nobility
        
        Clergy
    - - Characteristics
        
        They were the majority of the population
        
        They paid numerous taxes
        
        They didn't have access to high political positions
      - It consisted of
        
        Peasants
        
        The largest group
        
        They were serfs of the feudal lord or noble
        
        They had to pay them rent or a part of their harvest
        
        Many of them went to the cities where they had more freedom
        
        Bourgeoisie
        
        They were the city inhabitants
        
        They were not ruled by a feudal lord
        
        This social group
        increased during this period
        
        In number
        
        Became wealthier
        
        Gained more political influence
        
        significant differences within this group
        
        The upper bourgeoisie
        
        They were important merchants, bankers and officials
        
        They lived in richly decorated urban palaces
        
        The ruling class
        
        The most powerful and influential group
        
        It was form by bourgeoisie and city nobles
        
        The petite bourgeoisie
        
        They were small merchants, less important officials, all types of artisans, artists, servants and labourers
        
        They formed the largest group in the cities
        
        They lived in humble houses in buildings with several floors
      - Marginalised social group that lived on charity
        
        Beggar
        
        Vagabonds
    - - The most violent protests were carried out by the peasants
      - These revolts were severely suppressed
  - - - Venice
      - Paris
      - London
      - Cologne
      - Lisbon
      - Antwerp
  - - - Have access to all political positions
      - Not to pay so many taxes
- - - - The women from the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie paid wet nurses to do that for them
  - - - It was believed that water spread disease
      - Some people also considered that washing was impure from a religious perspective