16.3 and 16.4

enlightened aboutlisism

The enlightenment

Outside of England,Netherlands belief that change should come from a ruler was common

Frederick the great of prussia

Cathreine the great of russia

Austrian habsburgs

Movement within autocratic nations from well educated monarchs to help reform them under enlightenment ideas

race and the enligment

the emergence

International enligmnet

inspired by more contact with the wider world

Loosely united by certain key ideas, the European Enlightenment (ca. 1690–1789) was a broad intellectual and cultural movement

Enlightenment thinkers become obsessed with writing about abstract topics and writing about new complicated scientific discoveries

led to doubt and uncertainty as people came to question ideas ike warfare and religious conformity

since the enlightenment was so multi dimetal and broad enligment figres would travel around europe publishing many letters and books

many distinct elements sects

Some Enlightenment thinker like David Hume and Immanuel Kant popularized this idea in their 1748 book natural charters "I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent amongst them, no arts, no sciences…. Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men"

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Other enlightenment thinkers like The abbé Raynal’ and James Beattie attacked european racism and colonization in their works

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gave his subjects Religious and phiosocical tolerance are his expriences with the 7 years war

Let Scholars pulish works

made advancements with education for his subjects

tourte was abolished

legal code were simplified

after her coup in 1762 she began to rule like a enlightenment monarch

imported western architects, musicians, and intellectuals. She bought masterpieces of Western art and patronized the philosophes.

When the French government banned the Encyclopedia, she offered to publish it in St. Petersburg, and she sent money to Diderot when he needed it.

took on domestic issues with torture reform and monitor religious tolerance

Joseph II inherited the throne from his mom who was a devout aboulsist while he was nicknamed the "radical emperor"

Her armies subjugated the last descendants of the Mongols and the Crimean Tartars, and began the conquest of the Caucasus (

joseph abolished serfdom and stated serfs could pay landlords in cash and not labor

after his death his brother reversed his most radical policy to take back control