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M5 X M4, cheaper/quicker/ increase capactiy/ further, Red Cross, World…

- - - - e.g. plastic surgery, body check, rehabilitation, surrogacy, organ transplantation
      - $ Revenue to local medical industry
      - patients enjoy cheaper and better service
      - More treatment options
      - Add additional pressure on local medical system
      - " Stratification' of healthcare service
    - - e.g. in pandemic , issue travel alert
  - - - Large volume and from different orgin
        
        Long transportation time --> contamination
        
        Difficult to trace the problem
      - different regions may have different standard
  - - - Benefit: New treatment --> cured disease and prolong life
      - Wealth disparity --> inequality
      - Right To life / to be cured
      - Evergreening problem -> generic drugs cannot be produced
      - Respect intellectual property right--> encourage the pharmaceutical companies to invest
      - Profit-oriented nature: only invest in high-return drugs (commonly found in MDCs like obesity related chronic disease
    - - Enlarge the disparity between MDCs and LDCs
      - Compensation: distort the spirit of altruism
      - Traditional chinese culture
    - - Benefit : infertile couples
      - Commodification of human body
      - overuse/ misuse of generic test
      - Ethical issues
- - - - Rapid spread of information
        
        Speed up the release of health-related information
        
        usage of big data to analyze the current situation
        
        Increase information transparency
        
        Help to monitor the situation of infectious diseas
      - Advancement of transportation
        
        Increase the mobility of people
        
        Increase the difficulty in combating infectious disease
        
        Increase the possibiity for global outbreak
        
        Increased mobility of goods
    - - IGOs (WHO/World Bank)
        
        Monitoring / do research
        
        announce health info
        
        Formulate guidelines
        
        Provide technological support
        
        Faciliate collaboration between nations
        
        continue to surveillance the global trend
        
        More resourceful (membership fee)
        
        Higher mobilisation power
        
        effective/ centralized
        
        Degree of influence and attention is higher
        
        Political factor may affect the effectiveness
      - INGOs
        
        Education and promtion
        
        Exert pressure on local government/ pharmaceutical companies
        
        Provide medical service/ emergency humanitarian aid
        
        act as a mediator to facilitate the joint effort by different stakeholders
        
        non-governmental : impartial
        
        Low degree of influence and mobilization power