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S&T developments and their applications and effects in every day life …
S&T developments and their applications and effects in every day life
AI
intro
study oriented around developing computing systems which are capable of performing tasks that otherwise requires human intelligence
effort off humans to replicate their own cognitive capabilities in machine
its sustainability lies in smart skills of programmers
ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks
thinking
perceiving
learning
problem solving
decision making
a constellationof technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and reprdouce the human capabilities of sense comprehend and act
more usage of AI --more data generated -- more smarter AI - make
flow chart
Govt Initiatives
National prog on AI
'AI for all" - inclusive growth
NITI Aayog's national strategy
3 pronged approach
Exploratory prof of concept AI project
crafting a national strategy for building a vibrant AI ecosystem in India
collaborating with various experts & stakeholders
Niti has parrtnered with leading AI tech players to implement AI projects in health & agriculture
'Responsible AI for Al' stragety
efforts by International community
draft recom on ethics of AI- UNESCO
roadmap on digital cooperation - UN secretary General
machine learning
app of AI
giving machines access to data & allowing them to learn for themselves
app
read text
compose their own music
analyse its content eg - ml can recognise whether the person who wrote a text is making a complaint or congratulating
AI & ML - Pandemic
supplemented role of Ind professionals
high internet usage - data generation - paves way for dev of AI bcz it need loads of data to build its intelligence
policies & strategies of states & pvt firms have focused on AI adoption to create soluitons for global clients
eg - TN police use AI enabled automated number plate recognition software to catch violations
startup are also focusing on AI
eg - NIRAMAI- early breast cancer detection tech i.e radiation free and non invasive , REZO
pros
solving business problems
help finding solution to complex social issues as well
its dev has greater economic value for India - NASSCOM report
employment generation
20 million jobs
economic impact
more benefits than cost
facts
NASSCOM report
unlocking value from data and AI
data&AI could add $500 bn to India's GDP by 2025
SDGs - AI may act as an enabler on 134 targests - i.e about 79 % of all the SDGs targets
uses / apps
in Indian gov
in fields of
Law enforcement
edu
defence
speech recognition
natural language processing
image recognition
automated stock trading
real time recommendations
household robpts
automobile tech
advances in data collection, processing and computation + AI enables intelligence ssystem to take over -- variety of tasks to enable ocnnectivity and enchance productivity
utility in growing no of field
healthcare, agr, smart mobiliy including trasnport and logistics, retail mfging, energy, smartc ities, edu and skillings
day to day uses
streaming site or shopping sites
GPs mapping tech
helped to icrease crop yields
faster and precise cancer detection
way forward
to grab hold of upcoming opportunities in AI the area of focus should be
Talent & Skill development
right talent - best way to approach upcoming opport
policies & framework
areas - data usage,governance & security
framework- to govern data and serve its ethical usage
dev of digitisation
clean datasets
a data which is complete, accurate & that do not require any modification
data analysis should take place only after data has been cleaned
improves performance and outcomes of AI models
conc
org should invest in data management frameworks in order to clean the data
so these strategies can be used by the govt to convert India's potential into reality and we can make the best use of avaliable potential in field of AI & ML
need of hour is to ageeing on common guiding principles
preparing for a deep, difficult , multi stakeholder ethical reflection , analyses and resolve
1 an ethical barrier
whole of society approach to AI governance
otehr points
conutries becoming increasingly aware of potential economic and social benefits of developing and applying AI
in 2030 China and UK estimate 26% and 10 % of their GDPs respectively will be sourced from AI-related activities and businesses
AI is a disrupitve tech , transformative like electricity and engine of the 4th IR
concerns
Terminator movie - machine will take over the world and eliminate man kind
fear of humans regading the intelligence of AI - what if AIs/mchines became more intellogent than us?
AI requires massive computational capacity - requires more power intensive data centres -- increased carbon foorprints(40 % of global co2 emissions from electricity generation from combustion of ff
intensifies digital exclusion - a section of pop hhas conituuing unequal access and capcity to use ICT essential to fully participate inn society
intensify unemployment
eg- fruit picking robots replacing field workers
companies are building intelligent machines that perform tasks typically carried out by low income workers
future - AI will occupy the human desk jobs
in accordance with advancing technology workers are not reskilled rather replaced
reduced investments
widening gap b/w and within countries
investments will flow to countries having companies with AI based services
can replicate and aggravate existing prblems and create new ones
eg - AI facial recogntition tech was discriminting againts peope of colour and miniorities
eg - a beauty contest was judges by AI and the robots didn't like dark skin
Deepfakes are goingto wreak havoc on society. we are not prepared . Forbes 2020
data privacy concerns
AI uses data hungry logarithms
our digital footprints are harvested and sold w/o our knowlegde or conset
processing this data AI can profile us and target us with ads based on our liking and usage
AI can wideer exisitng social and economic divides and can hinder 59 SDG targets
AI vulnerability - child
how?
gaming and chat forum used by child predators
digital addiction - impacts view towards the world- hate speech, online bullying etc
way forwArd
mitigation of online harms
legal and tech safeguards
greater awareness on AI working
ban on anonymous accounts
enforceable ethical principles
INternational -
General Comment 25
- 2021 on children's rights in relation to digital env
National Policy for children to be extended for children in digital space
online space for algorithmic manipulation
multilateral and multi stakeholders efforts
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nano particles
applications
clinical
diagnostic tools
carriers for drugs
gene delivery in tumours
in medicine types
nano shells
surrounds cancer cells w/o harming healthy cells
nanomicelles
extremely small st, less than 100 nm
globe like st with hydrophilic outer shell and a hydrophobic interior
dual property makes them a perfect carrier for delivering drug molecules
stable at Rt
injected intravenously -- easily escape circulation and enter solid tumor where blood vessels - leaky
once enter cancer cell - ez activates the drugs and kill cancer cells
nanovesicles
can be harvested from cells
probs
enough nano vesicles cant be produced in short timescales
dont have a targetting effect
tiny sacs released by cells that carry chemical messages b/w cells
can be used in drug delivery for cancer treatments
Challenges
Ethical
risk assessment, risk management in clinical trials
social
environmental
toxicity
materials with overall dimensions in nannoscal under 100nm
IT and COMPUTER
Cloud services
benefits
cost
eliminates hardware and software exepenses
speed
provided on demand
Productivity
/IT team can spend time on other business goals as it removes need for time consuming IT management chores - hardware setup
Performance
Reliability
intro
a networked computing facility that provides remote data storage via internet
wide rage of services delivered on demand to companies and customers over internet
types
Infrastructure as a service
Software as a service - file storage
Platform
serves as web - based env where developers can build cloud apps eg - MS azure
IOT
def
• Interlinking of digital devices, people,machines, appliances, and other objects withone another - through wireless networks.
allows machines and people to be connected and communicate
apps
daily life - small tasks in fridge to indicate qty of veg to be bought , make coffee as you come home
industries
to reduce human errors, increase efficiency and improve producitivity
agriculture
enhance weather forecasting which can increase overall productivity
health - better diagnosis of diseases
media -
analyse and predict consumer behavior and apply target marketing for better return on investment
smart cities - to make them better place to live in - solid waste management , smart power grids,
govt - offer better c/z services
Development of S&T in India
historical perspective
Our first PM - clearly mentioned India's global priorities in S&T
He showed India's intention of seeking international scientific advances for the development and prosperity of our nation
India also assisted its partners from global south (low income wale desh) in key areas of S&T such as health across Asia and Africa
late 20th century - economic reforms -led to more proactive assertion of India's interests in S&T dev. eg India went nuclear
Early 21st century India sought to reduce its dependence on foreign countries so as to emerge as a net provider of dev assistance in international system. eg - India offered line of credit to Russia to develop its Eastern region
4 policies
Scientific policy Resolution 1958
motivation
nurturing scientific temper
S&T seen as instrument of socio-economic transformation and nation building
features
opp for scientific activity, discovery and disseminatin of new knowledge
Impacts
emergence of several scientific organizations and national laboratories
strong foundation in R&D and higher education
1983
Motivation
technology seen to influence lives
features
Mazimize utilization of human and material resources
Stregnthen technological self reliance in new sector - info, electronics and biotech
impact
Establishment of Technology Dev Fund
Establishment of Technology, Information Forecasting and Assessment Council 9 TIFAC)
2003
after economic liberation of 1991
Motivation
unprecedented impact of growth in information technology and democratization of internet and socio economic growth and development
Features
Invest heavily in R&D
Goal - increase investment in R&D to 2% of GDP
Modernise academic infra in academic insitution s
Incentivize return of scientists and engineers trained abroad to contribute Indian R&D ecosystem
to facilitate interaction among stakeholders - cross utilization of industry and scientific research
Impact
Significant rise in R&D investment
Rise in India's publication ranking
Steady increase in institutional and human capacity (IISER-2006 se, New IITs 2008 se)
2013
motivation
2010-20 announcesd - decade of innovation
aim to position India among top 5 global scientific powers
impact
right step towards building a robust innovation ecosystem
India's leadership and partnership in global megascience initiatives eg LIGO
features
linking Science, Technology and Innovation to socio-economic priorities
attracting pvt sector into R&D
innovation is the key to building S&T
2020 draft
current developments
India - 3rd among most attractive destinations for tech transaction in the world
Among the top most countries in the world in the field of scientific research
1 of the top 5 nations in field for space explorations
reached at 48th rank - made to top 50 countries in Global Innovation Index for first time in Sep 2020
5th in Global R&D Funding Forecast 2020
Govt extensively promoting research parks, technology business incubators to promote innovative ideas till they become commercial ventures
R&D expenditure is targeted to reach atleast 2% of the country's GDP by 2022
Union /budget 2021 - largest ever allocation - 6k cr to MoST
NAtional Science Foudation of US report Dec 2019 - India third largest publisher of peer-reviewed science and engineering journal articles and conf papers in the world
how affecting our diplomacy
Vaccine Maitri campaign
I is giving COVID 19 vaccines to countries around the world
suggestions
Increased finances towards Research
Stregthening participation of its states, universities and private sector in R&D. eg - Oxfford Univ an Astrazeneca came together to develop a vaccine . but in India most vcacines are being developed only by pharma companies
Enable all stakeholders in policy establishment to learn more about science and technology to bridge the intellectual divide
India's young scientists and technologists must be made more aware of country's foreign policy objectives. so that they can align their objectives with India's needs
IPR regime should be made more efficient to support and promote innovation in the country
issues
Indian publications not impactful
2019 WIPO report - India filed only 2053 patent applications compared to 58,990 by China and 57, 840 by US
clustering educational institutes and research centre
intro
clustering university - one major institute will be leading around 3-5 institutes placed under it
fayeda? a promising model to achieve
significant amount of strength in univ to energise field of research
NEP 2020
multidisciplinary universities - promoting research
establishment of clusters in higher educational institutions
eg - cluster based univ - Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai
benefits
syllabus
S&T developments and everyday applications & effects; Awareness in fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nanotech, Biotech, IPR issues