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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Hierarchy of Cells - Cell Organization image -

Osmosis & Diffusion

Osmosis - a special kind of diffusion only the movement of water from a high concentrated solution to a low concentrated solution through a selectively permeable membrane.

Diffusion is the mixing of particles of liquids or gases so that they move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration.

Photosynthesis WORD equation: Water + Sunlight + Carbon dioxide ----> produces Oxygen + Glucose (food)

An organ system is a group of organs that work together as a biological system to perform one or more functions.

An organism is an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

Organs are a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function.

Cell Specialization (5) structure relates to function

Bone cells work to maintain a balance between bone formation & resorption. Movement, support & protect soft tissues. Bone cells contain osteons or haversian systems.

The function of a blood cell is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs. The shape of the cell allows oxygen exchange at a constant rate over the largest possible area.


The Nerve Cell processes and transmits information. Nerve cells are shaped like long wires so they can carry messages from one end of the body to the other.

The function of the skin cell is to create a barrier between you and the rest of the world. The cell is mostly sacks filled with carotene which protects you.

Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin, it is made up of overlapping cells to contract when you move.

Organ Systems

Digestive System - mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and small & large intestines & colon (expels waste). Breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed by blood and transported to all cells.

Excretory System= Kidneys, Bladder, and Ureter, Urethra. Filters the blood and removes liquid waste & excess water

Respiratory System= Lungs, Trachea, and Nose. Allows oxygen in & carbon dioxide out (respiration)

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP is the complete balanced chemical formula for cellular respiration.

Skeletal System - bones & cartilage - supports movement, protect organs, attach tissues

Muscular System - tendons & ligaments - enables you to move and moves substances through body - 3 types - smooth,(around hollow organs) skeletal (around bones) and cardiac (around heart)

Circulatory System - heart, blood vessels, blood - deliver nutrients, move gases and remove waste

Nervous System - brain, spinal cord, nerves - sends & receives nerve messages. Controls behaviour, movement, & processes digestion and circulation

Integumentary System - skin, hair, nails & sweat glands (maintain normal body temperature) which cover & protect body

Cellular Respiration - the opposite to photosynthesis - takes place in mitochondria at cellular level

ANIMAL (HUMAN) TISSUES (4) MENC

Connective tissue - blood, bone, fat - supports & connects part of the body

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Epithelial tissue - Outer protective coating ex. skin, lining of intestine.

Nervous tissue - send + receive signals ex. brain, spinal cord.

Muscle tissue - contracts to cause motion ex. quad muscle

PLANT TISSUE (3) PPT

Transport tissue (Xylem & phloem).- Hollow tube- like cells that move food and water through the plant.

Photosynthetic - Transforms the suns energy in sugar. **

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All three of the tissues are found in 3 different organs leaves, roots, and stems. Those 3 organs make up two organ systems. Root system and Shoot system.

**Protective tissue - A covering layer to protect water loss and plant.*

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Cell Membranes (3)

Impermeable does not allow materials to pass through

Selectively Permeable (GATEKEEPERS) only allows certain materials to pass through

Permeable materials pass through easily

Unicellular Organisms (3) APE

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Euglena (flagella) - whips flagellum around like helicopter propeller (phagocytosis - surrounds & absorb prey)

Paramecium (cilia= tiny hairs oars that propel organism along) and sweep organisms - shape of sole of shoe

**Amoeba (psuedopods - false feet to move) thrive in water, many characteristics of animal cell. Change shape as moves around.

Plant and Animal Cell Organelles - Parts and Functions

Cell Membrane - protection - always selectively permeable

Cell wall (plant only) - surrounds cell, very strong, supports

Cytoplasm - buffer & protects genetic material of cell

Vacuole - empty sacs in cytoplasm, storage for food, water, waste, very large in plants

Mitochondria - produce energy for cell

Chloroplast (plant only) - contains chlorophyl, absorbs sunlight converts to energy to make food (photosynthesis)

Endoplasmic Reticulum - produces protein for rest of cell to function (tubelike, rough and smooth)

Ribosomes - decode the message & formation of peptide bonds

Golgi Apparatus - packages proteins into vesicles prior to secretion

Nucleus - control centre, largest organelle, regulates all other organelles, contains genetic information

Lysosomes - breaks down excess or worn out cell parts

Microscope

Eyepiece (10x) - magnifies the image produced by objective lenses

Arm - supports the body tube

Objective Lenses - focuses & magnifies light coming through the slide

Stage - where object is placed

Stage Clips - holds slide in place

Diaphragm - controls the amount of light passing through the slide

Light Source - provides light (brightest on lowest magnification

Base - stabilizes the microscope

Coarse Adjustment Knob - moves the stage up & down, use on low power, most foucs

Fine Adjustment Knob - sharpens image, high power

Tube - maintains the distance between the eye piece and objective lenses

Condenser lense - focuses light onto the specimen

Revolving nosepiece (rotates & allows usage of different objective lenses)

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Medium (10x) >100x

High (40x) >400x

Low (4x) > 40x