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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Hierarchy of Cells - Cell Organization -
Osmosis & Diffusion
Osmosis - a special kind of diffusion only the movement of water from a high concentrated solution to a low concentrated solution through a selectively permeable membrane.
Diffusion is the mixing of particles of liquids or gases so that they move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration.
Photosynthesis WORD equation: Water + Sunlight + Carbon dioxide ----> produces Oxygen + Glucose (food)
An organ system is a group of organs that work together as a biological system to perform one or more functions.
An organism is an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
Organs are a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function.
Cell Specialization (5) structure relates to function
Bone cells work to maintain a balance between bone formation & resorption. Movement, support & protect soft tissues. Bone cells contain osteons or haversian systems.
The function of a blood cell is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs. The shape of the cell allows oxygen exchange at a constant rate over the largest possible area.
The Nerve Cell processes and transmits information. Nerve cells are shaped like long wires so they can carry messages from one end of the body to the other.
The function of the skin cell is to create a barrier between you and the rest of the world. The cell is mostly sacks filled with carotene which protects you.
Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin, it is made up of overlapping cells to contract when you move.
Organ Systems
Digestive System - mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and small & large intestines & colon (expels waste). Breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed by blood and transported to all cells.
Excretory System= Kidneys, Bladder, and Ureter, Urethra. Filters the blood and removes liquid waste & excess water
Respiratory System= Lungs, Trachea, and Nose. Allows oxygen in & carbon dioxide out (respiration)
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP is the complete balanced chemical formula for cellular respiration.
Skeletal System - bones & cartilage - supports movement, protect organs, attach tissues
Muscular System - tendons & ligaments - enables you to move and moves substances through body - 3 types - smooth,(around hollow organs) skeletal (around bones) and cardiac (around heart)
Circulatory System - heart, blood vessels, blood - deliver nutrients, move gases and remove waste
Nervous System - brain, spinal cord, nerves - sends & receives nerve messages. Controls behaviour, movement, & processes digestion and circulation
Integumentary System - skin, hair, nails & sweat glands (maintain normal body temperature) which cover & protect body
Cellular Respiration - the opposite to photosynthesis - takes place in mitochondria at cellular level
ANIMAL (HUMAN) TISSUES (4) MENC
Connective tissue - blood, bone, fat - supports & connects part of the body
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Epithelial tissue - Outer protective coating ex. skin, lining of intestine.
Nervous tissue - send + receive signals ex. brain, spinal cord.
Muscle tissue - contracts to cause motion ex. quad muscle
PLANT TISSUE (3) PPT
Transport tissue (Xylem & phloem).- Hollow tube- like cells that move food and water through the plant.
Photosynthetic - Transforms the suns energy in sugar. **
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All three of the tissues are found in 3 different organs leaves, roots, and stems. Those 3 organs make up two organ systems. Root system and Shoot system.
**Protective tissue - A covering layer to protect water loss and plant.*
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Cell Membranes (3)
Impermeable does not allow materials to pass through
Selectively Permeable (GATEKEEPERS) only allows certain materials to pass through
Permeable materials pass through easily
Unicellular Organisms (3) APE
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Euglena (flagella) - whips flagellum around like helicopter propeller (phagocytosis - surrounds & absorb prey)
Paramecium (cilia= tiny hairs oars that propel organism along) and sweep organisms - shape of sole of shoe
**Amoeba (psuedopods - false feet to move) thrive in water, many characteristics of animal cell. Change shape as moves around.
Plant and Animal Cell Organelles - Parts and Functions
Cell Membrane - protection - always selectively permeable
Cell wall (plant only) - surrounds cell, very strong, supports
Cytoplasm - buffer & protects genetic material of cell
Vacuole - empty sacs in cytoplasm, storage for food, water, waste, very large in plants
Mitochondria - produce energy for cell
Chloroplast (plant only) - contains chlorophyl, absorbs sunlight converts to energy to make food (photosynthesis)
Endoplasmic Reticulum - produces protein for rest of cell to function (tubelike, rough and smooth)
Ribosomes - decode the message & formation of peptide bonds
Golgi Apparatus - packages proteins into vesicles prior to secretion
Nucleus - control centre, largest organelle, regulates all other organelles, contains genetic information
Lysosomes - breaks down excess or worn out cell parts
Microscope
Eyepiece (10x) - magnifies the image produced by objective lenses
Arm - supports the body tube
Objective Lenses - focuses & magnifies light coming through the slide
Stage - where object is placed
Stage Clips - holds slide in place
Diaphragm - controls the amount of light passing through the slide
Light Source - provides light (brightest on lowest magnification
Base - stabilizes the microscope
Coarse Adjustment Knob - moves the stage up & down, use on low power, most foucs
Fine Adjustment Knob - sharpens image, high power
Tube - maintains the distance between the eye piece and objective lenses
Condenser lense - focuses light onto the specimen
Revolving nosepiece (rotates & allows usage of different objective lenses)
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Medium (10x) >100x
High (40x) >400x
Low (4x) > 40x