When livelihood has not yet been chosen, future lost earnings are determined on the basis of potential rather than demonstrated earning capacity--> can be extrapolated from individual characteristics such as age, sex, socio-economic status, family characteristics, criminal behavior, academic record, intelligence and dexterity. Additionally, the plaintiff's occupational abilities, industriousness, work habits and experience are relevant.

Past Damages: Starts from the moment of injury to the first day of trial when jury is in panel and opening statements are given

Collateral Source Rule: Third party paying off some money doesn't mean the tortfeasor doesn't have to pay that amount

Examples: Severe and permanent injuries, physical and mental disabilities, pain, emotional distress, disfigurement, deformity and inconvenience as a result of the defendant's negligence

Mental Anguish can be exemplified by hearing that you'll never walk again, frustrated and anxious questions of sexuality. hurt and frustrated when one upsets others by his inability to learn and understand

Courts generally do not allow pain and suffering awards to unconscious victims. P. 541

The victim doesn't need to be aware that they're suffering in order to recover

NOT IN NEGLIGENCE CASES-generally available in claims based on intentional torts

Grief: Majority approach is that grief is not included