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Higher biology-Genetic control of metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Higher biology-Genetic control of metabolism
How to improve wild strains of microorganisms?
"improve"=produce a product from humans
Artificial selection
Mutagenesis and artificial selection --increase mutation rate
mutagenic is about increasing mutation rate (chemical--radiation)
GENE TRANSFER( GENETIC MODIFICATION)
recombinant gene technology is used to manufacture GM plasmid. These are used to exchange genes horizontally from one species to the microbe
Plasmids(and artificial chromosomes) are used as vectors during recombinant DNA technology
A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell
Recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes contain restriction sites, regulatory sequences, an origin of replication and selectable markers
plasmids are loops of dna used by cells for horizontal gene exchange
Restricition enzymes
Called restriction endonuclease
They cut open plasmids and specific genes out of chromosomes, leaving sticky ends
They usually cut each backbone at slightly different points and leave short single-stranded 'stick ends'
Sticky ends
Complementary sticky ends are produced when the same restriction endonuclease is used to cut open the plasmid and the gene from the chromosome
Marker genes
Selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes protect the micro-organism from a selective agent (antibiotic) that would normally kill it or prevent it growing.
Selectable marker genes present in the vector ensure that only micro-organisms that have taken up the vector grow in the presence of the selective agent (antibiotic).
Involves using microbes to prodcuce particular metabolic products
sometimes pathway doesn't naturally happen(or happen very fast), so we need to make the pathway better
microbes are easy to culture, and are varied, so this metabolic pathway probably is achieved
we can force this pathway by environmental control and genetic control
in environmental control we can:
alter growth medium
e.g add particular substrate
alter culture conditions
for primary metabolic products, use log phase
for secondary metabolic products, use stationary phase
Genetic control:
mutagenic encourage novel allele formation
artificial selection (selective pressure that would encourage product formation)
recombinant DNA technology
vector(plasmid)
cut and stick DNA
ligase
restriction enzymes
marker genes
BamH1 and EcoR1 are restriction enzymes
BamH1 does the cutting, then let the plasmid put itself back together, EcoR1 opens up the other side
VECTOR
BamH1 (restriction enzyme)--cuting section out of vector/plasmids
EcoR1
cut open plasmids
Human DNA
cut with EcoR1--to form fragments
Now, mix cut plasmid + cut human DNA
at this points, sticky end allows the human DNA to to be inserted into vector
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
Complementary base hydrogen bonding
DNA ligase seals the nick, makes covalent sugar-phosphate backbone