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Fish and Bees - Coggle Diagram

- - - - flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
        
        Monogeneans
        
        free swimming larvae
        
        found on skin, gills, fins
        
        simple life w single host
        
        specific to fish
        
        mortal w severe infes
        
        Digeneans
        
        complex life cycle - multi hosts incl snail and bird
        
        no trtmt is allowed so farmers try to control w molluscicides
        
        terrestrial too
        
        hvy infes fatal (esp on gill)
        
        adult form in GI - typ incidental
        
        Cestodes (tapeworms)
        
        complex life cycle
        
        fish can be DH or IH
        
        terrestrial too
        
        some are ZOONOTIC
      - nematodes (roundworms)
        
        typ incidental finding
        
        wild > cultured
        
        complex life cycle
      - Acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worm)
        
        typ incidental finding
        
        wild > cultured
        
        complex life cycle
      - Myxozoans
        
        whirling dz
      - Microsporidians (fungal)
        
        opaque and liquified musc tis
    - - live and eat the mucus and skin of fish
      - biggest issue in salmon indus
      - skin damage = osmoregu dysfunc and 2ndary infec
      - trtmt req and costly
        
        abx, cleaner fish, thermolicer/hydrolicer, laser beams, skirts, snorkels, aquatraz
    - - most commonly found in gills, skin, fins
        
        severeity of infes clin impt
        
        presence of few = norm
        
        presence of a lot = sig dz
        
        gill damage = respir, osmoregu, 2ndary infec
        
        skin damage = osmoregu, 2ndary infec
        
        diag
        
        wet mount: look at gills or skin under microscope
        
        trtmt
        
        sev immersion options
        
        Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
        
        Ich/white spot dz
        
        ciliate w horseshoe shaped nucleus - attach to skin, fin, gill
        
        trt fish is not good enough - trt tank/pond multi times
        
        Trichodina
        
        common ectoparasite of fish in all water types
        
        found in skin, fin, gill
        
        looks like Scrubbing Bubble brush
    - - Saprolegniasis
        
        oomycete infec
      - only in fresh water
      - not actually a fungus - forms spores
      - dz results from hyphal growth on skin or gills
      - appears fluffy like cotton underwater
      - appears following acute stress, drop in temp, trnspt
      - damage skin/gills = 2ndary infec or osmoregu dysfunc
      - difficult to treat
  - - - petechial hemorr, edema (dropsy), exophthalmos, ascites, dk of skin, going off feed
    - - based on culture of kidney, brain, +/- lesion
      - sometimes PCR, VI, EM
    - - MOST IMPT biosecurity and vax
    - - Cyprinid herpesvirus 3
      - koi and common carp suscep
      - highly contagious
      - CS
        
        pale, swollen mottled gills, skin lesions, dypsnea, exophthalmia
      - high mortal rate in lg naive fish
      - recovered fish = latent carriers
      - diag
        
        PCR or histopath (nuclear inclusions)
        
        ELISA for testing latent status
    - - common chronic, granulomatous dz of tropical fish
      - slow growing
      - difficult to trt
      - ZOONOTIC
  - - - skin and mucus layer = impt
    - - role is respir, excre, and osmoregu
    - - poikilothermic and ectothermic
  - - - dissolved O2: low lvls = very bad, caused by sev things
      - toxins/contamin
        
        ammonia: natural waste product of fish and decomp organic matter
        
        nitrite/nitrate: metabolites of ammonia
        
        dissolved gases from well water: N, CO2, H sulfide, methane
        
        other: pH, alkalinity, hardness
    - - fish are easily stressed by handling, stocking density, inapprop housing, bright lights, loud noises, poor water qual
  - - - maj dz event -> lots of dead fish
        
        primary pthgn = typ maj water qual issue or quick events
    - - ongoing dz condition -> fish dying over time
    - - init factor -> secondary factor -> lots of dead fish
        
        init factor = poor water qual/stress
        
        secondary factor = opportunisitc pthgn
        
        most common
  - - - fish should be alive or freshly dead, wet mount + intes smear + specific organs for specific parasites + PCR
    - - aseptically swab kidney, brain, lesion - aerobic culture, molec confirm (PCR)
    - - PCR or VI
- - - - genus and sp of W honeybee orig in Euro and Af and now loc around the world
    - - a complex mixture of organic cmpds secre by special gl on worker bee's abd and used for building comb
    - - a sweet, viscid material produced by bees from the nectar of flowers, composed lg of a mix of sugars dissolved in ~17% water. It contains sm amts of mineral water, Vit, prot, and enz
    - - male repro c bodies produced by flower anthers. It is collected and used by the honeybees as their prot source
    - - sap or resin collected from trees or plants by bees and used to strengthen the comb or seal cracks. It is also antimicrobial
    - - lg grp of bees hanging together, one upon another
    - - mass of 6 sided c made by honeybees in which brood is reared and honey and pollen are stored; composed of 2 layers united at their base
    - - natural process of propagating a colony of honeybees
    - - old queen to leave the parent colony
    - - young bees, 3-10 d old, which feed and take care of dev brood
    - - a queen who is incapable of fertiliz eggs = all brood produced are drones
    - - a worker which lays unfertiliz eggs = produce only drones, usually in colonies that are hopelessly queenless
    - - worker bees gen 2-3 wks old that work to collect nectar, pollen, water, and propolis for the colony
  - - - queen failure
      - weather
      - starvation - not enough food or diverse food
    - - colony collapse disorder (CCD) - leave and never come back
      - pesticides
      - Varroa infes
  - - - picked up and brought back to the brood
        
        most insect don't want monoculture and most farmers don't want insects for damage
    - - Acarine - mites
      - rodents
      - Varroa - mite lives on abd of bees
      - sm hive beetle
      - hornets - rob bees
      - moths
      - Tropilaelaps
      - Am and Euro foulbrood bact
        
        Euro - brood is not capped and pupae turn to mush
        
        Am - open cap brood = pupae turn to liq
      - Nosemia - fungal pthgn
      - Deformed wing virus
        
        virus dev in pupae phase or brood phase
        
        sp affec: bees and poten ants and other insect sp
        
        in US, Type A is most common
        
        Type B most common in UK
        
        transm
        
        intro by Varroa mites
        
        carriers are maj concern
        
        direct contact while in hive
        
        pathog
        
        Types A, B, C
        
        type B has larger genome that incl a seq for A, meaning that B likely protects against type A -> SUPERINFEC EXCLUSION
        
        type B is LESS DEADLY than type A
        
        dz/colony death is linked to amt of virus
        
        bees w higher virus loads are more likely to show CS
        
        bees w higher # of virus in the WINTER period are more likely to have colony collapse even if asymp
        
        when prev inc, diversity of type DEC -> specific types takes over
        
        Varroa intro type A in many cases
        
        CS
        
        deformed wings
        
        control
        
        potential in future for inoc w type B which is less viruelnt and offers protection against type A