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Integument - Coggle Diagram

- - - - summer pests - some are blood feeders, some are vectors
      - Musca sp = house and face flies
        
        feed on body secre
        
        tears, weeping wounds, saliva
        
        gen find around the face of the ani
      - stable flies
        
        blood suckers
        
        piercing/sucking mouth parts
        
        bite legs, ears
        
        Stomoxys calcitrans
      - mgmt
        
        source reduction - only travel 0.25-0.5 mi
        
        flies love urine + sawdust + straw = change often
        
        dispose of feces appropriately
        
        adulticides, repellents, screening?
    - - incl: mosquitoes, blackflies, deer flies, horse flies, biting midges, Culicoides sp
      - females suck blood - great vector for viruses and nematodes
      - dev in wetlands
      - mgmt
        
        avoid exposure outdoors, apply repellent, vaseline on lesions, VAX against arboviruses
  - - - equine bot flies
        
        adult flies are lg and robust
        
        rarely seen
        
        3rd instars (larvae)
        
        yellow or red dep on sp
        
        live in stom or rectum of horses
        
        life cycle
        
        eggs are inges by grooming or licking -> larvae go into horse and dev into instars (takes 8 mo) -> defecated out and pupate out
        
        3 common sp
        
        Gasterophilus nasalis
        
        eggs found in intramandibular area
        
        YELLOW 3rd instars: live in sm intes
        
        Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis
        
        eggs found on lips
        
        RED 3rd instars: can live in stom before reattaching to rectum
        
        Gasterophilus intestinalis
        
        eggs found on hair of forelegs and shoulders
        
        RED 3rd instars: non glandular portion of stom near margo plicatus and cardiac region
        
        eggs found on hair shaft and may be mistaken for lice, but these eggs are larger and have lid where maggots come out
        
        control
        
        some dewormers are labelled for bots (3rd instar)
        
        target trtmt for fall
        
        clip the hair
        
        sponge areas w warm water to remove eggs
  - - - adults: warble fly
      - larvae: cattle grub
      - larvae accum in epidural fat of spinal cord before migr to dorsum
      - pathog
        
        skin damage from 3rd instars -> if larve die in spinal canal = release toxic proteolysin = paraplegia
    - - adults: warble fly, heel fly, ox warble
      - larvae: cattle grub
      - larvae accum in esophagus before migr to dorsum
      - pathog
        
        migr thru esophagus wall may = bloat -> death of larvae in esophagus may = stricture
        
        cause butcher's jelly
  - - - eggs are sticky and stick to fur of ani and ani groom off
      - aberrant migr thru skin -> fall out and pupate in environ
    - - may cause feline ischemic synd
  - - - fly strike: when ani has become infec w fly maggots
      - blowfly strike: ani that have been seriously affec by blowfly larvae
    - - be on alert for skin wounds and poss infes during warmer mo of yr
      - in LA: schedule predisp activities outside fly season, lamb and calve before temps regu exceed 50F, delay shearing/dehorning/castration if poss until autumn
      - in companion ani: maint clean/dry haircoat, prevent fouling by urine/feces, maint dry bedding, clip as needed
    - - clip, pick and flush maggots, apply abx, dress wound
  - - - genetic engineered sterile male flies (only mate once)
- - - - lots of cross reactivity
    - - env = survives in alk pH
      - G prot for virus attach
      - cattle, horses, swine, donkeys most suscep
    - - clin sim to FMD
    - - via vectors, direct contact, fomites
        
        transovarian transm in sandflies, blackflies, biting midges (bio vector)
        
        mosquitoes, houseflies, other arthropods = mech vector
        
        most common in early summer and fall
    - - virus enters thru brks in skin/mucosa -> no sys viremic phase (viremia only in pigs) -> causes local vesiculation, epith denudation and interstitial edema
        
        high titers in 1st few d
        
        high conc in vesicular fl
    - - fever and ptyalism = 1st signs in horses/cattle, vesicular lesions of tongue, oral mucosa, teats, coronary band
        
        horses: tongue lesions most pronounced = sloughing of epith
        
        cattle: hard palate, tongue, lips, gums; crusting scabs
        
        anorexia, rejection of suckling calves and lameness
        
        SWINE: lameness is 1st sign, vesicular lesions in snout and coronary band
        
        VN Ab seen up to 5 yrs, reinfection may occur
    - - virus isol (from skin lesions - swabs, vesicular fl, or epith)
    - - supportive care, abx for 2ndary infec, good prognosis
    - - quarantine 14 d after last lesion, avoid contamin pastures, insecticide, disinfect, vax (killed and MLV)
  - - - non env, mRNA
      - varied stabil in pH
      - cytoplasmic replic, cell lysis, virus release
    - - high neonatal mort (+/- vesicular lesions); vesicles on nose, lesions on feet, anorexia, febrile, +/- lethargy
      - can also be asymp?
    - - PCR from vesicle fl, IHC most common, can also use VI/IFA
  - - - causes highly contagious and debil vesicular dz
      - inactiv at pH <6.5 and >11
      - survives in milk, milk products, BM, and lymph gl
    - - all cloven hoofed ani
        
        birds shed orgm in feces
        
        sheep/goats = maint host, persis in pharyngeal tis for 4-6 mo
        
        not many CS
        
        pigs = amplifier host - not a carrier
        
        inc quant shed into environ
        
        cattle = indicator host, persis in pharyngeal tis for 6-24 mo
    - - direct contact, inhal, inges, fomites
        
        greatest conc in vesicular fl
        
        virus secre in aerosol, saliva, milk
        
        carrier ani spread dz
    - - swine: lameness typ 1st sign, followed by ulcerative vesicles in snout and claws
      - sheep/goats: typ asymp but may have fever, oral lesions, lameness
        
        maint hosts = dz difficult to diag but they spread dz readily
        
        difficult to diag = SPREAD
      - cattle: loss of appetite, dec milk produc, ptyalism, ulcerative vesicles on gums, tongue, interdigital skin, coronary bands, teats
        
        high morbid, low mortal in adults
        
        acute myocarditis in young calves = high mortal
    - - clin lesions, FA (fluor Ab) and ELISA, VI, PCR, EM
        
        use vesicular fl, epith tis, blood or serum, LN, thyroid, heart
    - - quarantine, biosecurity
      - eradic in US
      - REPORTABLE
    - - USA DOES NOT USE VAX
  - - - sm, spherical, non env, dsDNA
      - affec hu, cattle, dogs, cats, horses, rabbits, birds
        
        sp specific
    - - direct contact, sexual contact, fomites
    - - epith c - replic in nucleus, esp of dermal and mucosal surf
    - - not a rapid infec -> enters thru skin abrasion -> infec basal layer of epidermis (stratum basale) -> delays differen at spinous layer -> conseq induces hyperplasia and outgrowth of superfic keratinized layers of skin
    - - based on charac of clin presentation (diagnostics rarely nece)
    - - cutaneous, esophageal, penile, vulvar
      - rarely malig but can easily be traumatized and lead to hemorr, anemia, weakness
      - may incapacitate bull for breeding, vaginitis, esophageal form can = choke, dysphagia, drooling, wt loss
      - bracken fern may cause BPV-2 to be activated from latent state
    - - 4 maj synd
        
        papillomas on head, eyelids, and feet of older dogs
        
        inverted papillomas on ventral abd/groin of younger dogs
        
        papillomas on/in oral cavity, face, eyes of young dogs
        
        multiple plaques on dk pigment skin. Gen proceed to muticentric squamous c carcinoma
      - immunosupp ani have severe dz
      - prog: excellent in young dogs, older dogs gen mean immunodepression
      - gen self-resolving in 1-5 mo. Sx excision, crushing, HPV cream
      - papillomas gen benign, but may cause trouble eating, hemorr, hypersaliv, halitosis, 2ndary oral infec/ulcerations
    - - most common diag tumor of horses
      - no gender or age predisp
      - form sarcoids = benign, localy invasive, fibroblastic lesions
      - ASSOC W BPV1 AND BPV2 (bov!)
      - 5 clin types
        
        fibroblastic = fleshy, ulcerated
        
        verrucous = wart like
        
        occult = hairless, roughened, circular
        
        nodular = firm masses under norm skin
        
        mixed = combo
      - transm: no clear evidence, slow infec and low conc = not very contagious
      - trtmt: no effective therapy, sx excision, HPV cream, laser
    - - typ resis to reinfec and most resolve spont
      - may induce both benign and malig neoplasia
  - - - lg virus, no classic viral env = extremely stable in environ
    - - replic in regional LN, primary viremia (1-3 d), 2ndary target organs are infec w subsequent dev of 2ndary viremia (spleen and liver)
        
        infec epith c in 6-7 d
    - - direct contact of skin or aerosol
    - - clinc presentation + lesions, cytoplasmic inclusions found in infec tis, EM common w/ lg viruses, VI, PCR
    - - contagious pustular dermatitis or contagious exthyma virus
      - infec sheep, goats, camels, and hu
      - ZOONOTIC
        
        found worldwide
      - primarily effec young ani and may be mild to severe
      - CS
        
        lesions on lip, muzzle +/- feet, genitalia, teats
        
        severely affected often fail to eat and lose condition
      - otbrks last 6-8 wks
    - - CS
        
        sm papules (red edematous area) -> grow ad form vesicles -> then pustules -> thick reddish scabs form over surf
        
        typ healing time 10-21 d
        
        risk of 2ndary bact infec
        
        REPORTABLE
- - - - abscesses
        
        often causes subQ and deep tis abscesses
        
        result of fighting and injuries
        
        prevention is best tool
        
        avoid
        
        lack of bedding, rough floor surf, poorly cut needle teeth
        
        proper stocking density
        
        clean injection equip
  - - - trauma
        
        abrasions - opens door for norm flora to become opportunistic
        
        pay attn to husbandry
        
        2ndary infec common
    - - tick pyaemia in lambs
        
        lambs often carry this bact on skin/nasal mucosa
        
        common in hill grazing regions of Britain and Ireland
        
        pathog
        
        infec occurs thru minor skin trauma
        
        ticks are vector for Anaplasma sp -> immunosupp in lambs
        
        CS
        
        localized abscess in many organs, septicemia, rapid death
        
        diag
        
        isol and ID of Staph aureus
        
        trtmt
        
        lim value in severely affec lambs, prophylactic abx trtment in 1 wk old lambs, tick control
      - MRSA
        
        orig hu proble -> vet med and ani produc recent decade
        
        SA MRSA infec (mainly dogs) around the world: wound and sx site infec, pyoderma, otitis
        
        reported in horses in vet hospitals
        
        ani to hu transm reported
    - - greasy pig dz
      - present on norm skin
        
        common isol from vaginal muc and skin of healthy sows
      - often lactating and nursing pigs (<3 mo)
      - morbid = 20-100%, mortal up to 90%
      - transm
        
        enters thru minor abrasions -> lesions start on face and ears
        
        highly contagious
        
        spreads rapidly over body in young immudefic pigs
      - CS
        
        widespread excessive sebaceous secre, exfoliation and exudation of skin surf. Exudate accum around lesions = dries and cracks = creates deep fissures -> seems oily
      - predisp factors
        
        sow agalactia, concurrent infec, stress from weaning process
      - diag
        
        clin hx + culture from dermal lesions
      - trtmt
        
        long acting abx
      - prev
        
        cleaning and disinfec, vax +/- effective
    - - skin commensals = opportunistic
      - can form biofilms = contan glycolipids and fibronectin
      - resis to phago
      - survive in immune c
      - causes acute inflamm and release lysosomal enz = tis damage
      - coagulase medi forma of fibrin capsules = pus containing abscesses
  - - - anterior teats - often w/in 1st 72 hrs after birth when they are crawling to suckle
    - - bact dermatitis
        
        often caused by Staph hyicus
      - cannibalism w biting ptrn
      - lesion = trauma -> exudate, crusts -> necrosis and ulceration
      - trtmt
        
        feed medication if widespread in herd, inject severe cases, spray disinfectant, improve ventil, minimize cannibalism
  - - - A. pleuropneumoniae
        
        porcine pleuropneumonia
      - A. suis
        
        Gm neg
        
        carried in tonsils, nostrils, vaginal muc of healthy pigs
        
        affec ani
        
        neonates and suckling pigs most suscep
        
        after weaning/adult pigs less likely
        
        more freq in high health status herds
        
        infec of URT
        
        pathog
        
        invasion thru abrasion in skin and mm -> septic emboli formed -> spread to various organs -> form microcolonies = areas of hemorr and necrosis
        
        virulence factors
        
        capsule, LPS, pore forming toxins, hemolytic/cytolytic toxins
        
        CS
        
        ecchymotic skin hemorr - blotchy purple discoloration of skin w/ raised plaques
        
        sudden death in piglets 2 d to 4 wks
        
        sows: metritis, meningitis, abortions
        
        weaned pigs and older ani: round and rhomboid erythematous skin lesions
        
        older ani may also dev arthritis
        
        cyanosis, fever, petechial hemorr, conges of extremities
  - - - acute infec: smooth colonies
      - chronic infec: rough colonies
    - - excre in feces and oro-nasal secre
    - - inges of contamin feed/water -> enter thru mm -> adh to/invade endothel c -> surf prot aid in adh and biofilm forma -> hyaluronidase impt for dissem -> vascular damage -> swelling of endothel c -> widespread hyaline microthrombus forma
    - - acute: off feed and dev high fever, raised diamond shaped skin lesions over back, joints may be enlg
      - chronic: arthritis, nodular vegetative endocarditis
    - - skin lesions, Gram staining, culture, PCR
    - - abx, isol, proper hygiene, vax (protection short lived = 2-3 mo)
- - - - Musca domestica (house fly) = Drashia megastoma
      - Musca domestica (house fly) = Habronema muscae
      - Musca sp/Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) = Habronema majus
    - - fly feeds on horse -> L3 larvae expelled in saliva expelled onto skin, lips, wounds -> horse inges L3 on skin when grooming, licking lips, or inges fly itself -> L3 dev to adults in stom of horse -> adults mate nd pass L1 into feces -> eggs hatch in feces -> dev to L2 nd re-inges by fly larvae in dung piles -> L2 dev to L3 in fly pupae -> adult fly lands on horse and deposits L3 -> cycle cont
        
        if larvae are deposited in wounds or loc other than near mouth the larvae will encyst in subQ tis = summer sores
    - - adults cause stom ulcerations or gastritis but typ asymp. Summer sores = greasy w blood tinged fl draining from them and contain rice grain like material. May progress to proud flesh. Granular conjunctivitis, nodules in lungs
    - - biopsy w histopath looking for larvae, fecal float for larvated eggs (eggs difficult to diag bc they become distorted or rupture w soln)
    - - remove manure, manage compost piles to maximize heat, parasitic wasps, insecticides, feed IGR to horses
  - - - pearly white, oval, w rounded ends
        
        eggs deposited on host and fall into environ w/in hrs
    - - maggot-like, only dev in cool, shady areas where pets rest
        
        speed of larval dev to pupae dep on temp and humidity
    - - found in soil, vegetation, carpets, under furniture, ani bedding
        
        emerge 8-13 d after init of pupal dev w 72.5F and 78% humidity
        
        may delay for 30 wks if not approp stimuli
        
        mech P and inc temp stim flea emergence
    - - emerge 13 d - 50 wks dep on temp and stimuli
        
        adults begin feeding immedi on host
        
        blood excre by adult fleas = reddish black pellets in hair coat
        
        egg produc begins 20-24 hrs after female takes 1st blood
        
        females can produce 40-50 eggs/d and survive 2-3 mo
    - - pruritis, irritable/restless, purplish skin lesions, anemia, flea bite hypersensi
    - - look for flea dirt or flea (common on head, tail, base of neck)
        
        give Comfortis/Capstar to kill adult flea in 30 min
    - - repellant, environ decontamin, insecticides, erad
        
        adulticides = topical or oral
        
        pre-adult = insect growth regulators (IGR) or insect dev inhib
        
        alone or in combo w adulticides
        
        repellent does not allow flea to bite
  - - - entire LC on host -> females live for 30 d -> eggs take 1-2 wks to hatch
      - host specific
      - spread by direct contact
      - typ infec in autumn
      - 2 types
        
        chewing (Mallophaga)
        
        wide mandible, chewing parts, yellow
        
        rapid mvmt
        
        found clasping hair near body openings or skin abrasions -> seeking moisture
        
        eat damaged skin
        
        sucking (Anoplura)
        
        pointed nose, lg, dk blue
        
        slow moving
        
        more pathogenic
        
        typ found clasping hair shaft on neck and shoulders under collars
      - CS
        
        pruritis, excessive grooming, hair/feather loss, skin injury, dec performance or wt gain, sucking = anemia
      - diag
        
        CS, ID of nits or lice on body
      - erad
        
        environ decontamin + phys removal + insecticides
      - trtmt/control
        
        all ani treated on premises, topicals kill all stages but nits (apply 2nd dose w/in 2 wks), quarantine herd, isol young to lim spread
  - - - Demodex
      - reside in hair follicles
      - multi forms on dog, cat, cow, pig, hu
      - CS
        
        non-pruritic alopecia
      - descrip: cigar shaped w 8 legs
      - Demodex canis
        
        norm skin inhabitant
        
        acq from dams in 1st d of life
        
        transm
        
        direct contact
        
        CS
        
        non-puritic alopecia, erythema
        
        2 presentations
        
        localized: young (3-6 mo), eyes, mouth, bony projections
        
        generalized: older ani, 2ndary to dz process
        
        diag
        
        skin scraping
        
        trtmt
        
        often spont regress w/o trtmt in young
    - - Sarcoptes scabei
      - burrow in skin
      - sarcoptic mange or scabies
      - impt in dogs, pigs, cattle, horses, sheep, hu
        
        rarely cats
      - transm
        
        direct contact w infected
      - CS
        
        alopecia/erythema, intense pruritis, crusting and oozing of integument, hyperkeratosis
        
        dog lesion distrib: dev 1st on abd, chest, ears, elbows, leg
        
        pigs: begins on head, esp ears and spread thruout body
      - pathog
        
        females burrow to stratum corneum, sucking c and laying eggs in tunnels
        
        saliva, feces and exuviate are antigenic = intense pruritis and hyperkeratosis
      - charac
        
        legs extend outward in front and are tucked underneath in back
      - diag
        
        CS + deep skin scraping (need to bleed)
      - prev/control
        
        erad + ascaricides are effective
        
        trt all ani in house or on premise
        
        biosecurity
      - Notoedres cati
        
        cats, rats, rabbits, hu - sim to Sarcoptes scabei
        
        face mange, pinna, paws
        
        alopecia, hyperkeratosis
    - - reside on skin
      - Chorioptes bovis
        
        barn itch mite
        
        cattle
        
        common
        
        life cycle
        
        21-26 d -> females lay eggs on host
        
        direct transm
        
        feed on sloughed skin and surf debris
        
        oil superfic lesions w black debris
        
        distrib
        
        cattle: tail head mange
        
        horse: hock mange
        
        lesions appear in late winter and regress during summer
        
        diag
        
        superfic skin scrape or tape prep
      - Otodectes cynotis
        
        ear mites
        
        cats, canids
        
        common
    - - walking dander
      - reside on skin
      - cat, dog, rabbit, hu (transient)
      - powdery dandruff that moves rapidly
      - skin appears greasy
      - transm
        
        direct contact
      - life cycle
        
        3 wk cycle spend on host but females live >10 d off host
      - control
        
        decontamin the environ
      - charac
        
        triangular in shape, legs extend behind, diamond appearance, prominent mandibles
      - diag
        
        superfic skin scrap or tape prep