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Integument - Coggle Diagram
Integument
Insects
flies
filth
summer pests - some are blood feeders, some are vectors
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aquatic
incl: mosquitoes, blackflies, deer flies, horse flies, biting midges, Culicoides sp
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mgmt
avoid exposure outdoors, apply repellent, vaseline on lesions, VAX against arboviruses
flies that = myiasis
myiasis = infec by fly larvae that feed on host's living or dead tis, body fl, or ingesta
bot flies
equine bot flies
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life cycle
eggs are inges by grooming or licking -> larvae go into horse and dev into instars (takes 8 mo) -> defecated out and pupate out
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eggs found on hair shaft and may be mistaken for lice, but these eggs are larger and have lid where maggots come out
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cattle grubs
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Hypoderma bovis
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pathog
skin damage from 3rd instars -> if larve die in spinal canal = release toxic proteolysin = paraplegia
Hypoderma lineatum
adults: warble fly, heel fly, ox warble
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Rodent bots
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lay eggs around burrows, blades of grass, wood chips
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natural host = rabbits, mice, chipmunks, squirrels
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blow flies
fly strike, blowfly strike
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prev
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in LA: schedule predisp activities outside fly season, lamb and calve before temps regu exceed 50F, delay shearing/dehorning/castration if poss until autumn
in companion ani: maint clean/dry haircoat, prevent fouling by urine/feces, maint dry bedding, clip as needed
trtmt
clip, pick and flush maggots, apply abx, dress wound
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Viruses
Vesicular Stomatitis
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charac
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cattle, horses, swine, donkeys most suscep
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transm
via vectors, direct contact, fomites
transovarian transm in sandflies, blackflies, biting midges (bio vector)
mosquitoes, houseflies, other arthropods = mech vector
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pathog
virus enters thru brks in skin/mucosa -> no sys viremic phase (viremia only in pigs) -> causes local vesiculation, epith denudation and interstitial edema
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CS
fever and ptyalism = 1st signs in horses/cattle, vesicular lesions of tongue, oral mucosa, teats, coronary band
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cattle: hard palate, tongue, lips, gums; crusting scabs
anorexia, rejection of suckling calves and lameness
SWINE: lameness is 1st sign, vesicular lesions in snout and coronary band
VN Ab seen up to 5 yrs, reinfection may occur
diag
virus isol (from skin lesions - swabs, vesicular fl, or epith)
trtmt
supportive care, abx for 2ndary infec, good prognosis
control
quarantine 14 d after last lesion, avoid contamin pastures, insecticide, disinfect, vax (killed and MLV)
Senecavirus
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charac
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cytoplasmic replic, cell lysis, virus release
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CS
high neonatal mort (+/- vesicular lesions); vesicles on nose, lesions on feet, anorexia, febrile, +/- lethargy
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collect vesicular fl, swabs from vesicles, skin scrapings around erosion margins, nasal swabs or buccal swabs around lesion
diag
PCR from vesicle fl, IHC most common, can also use VI/IFA
Foot and Mouth Dz
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charac
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survives in milk, milk products, BM, and lymph gl
host
all cloven hoofed ani
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sheep/goats = maint host, persis in pharyngeal tis for 4-6 mo
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cattle = indicator host, persis in pharyngeal tis for 6-24 mo
transm
direct contact, inhal, inges, fomites
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CS
swine: lameness typ 1st sign, followed by ulcerative vesicles in snout and claws
sheep/goats: typ asymp but may have fever, oral lesions, lameness
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cattle: loss of appetite, dec milk produc, ptyalism, ulcerative vesicles on gums, tongue, interdigital skin, coronary bands, teats
high morbid, low mortal in adults
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diag
clin lesions, FA (fluor Ab) and ELISA, VI, PCR, EM
use vesicular fl, epith tis, blood or serum, LN, thyroid, heart
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Papillomaviridae
charac
sm, spherical, non env, dsDNA
affec hu, cattle, dogs, cats, horses, rabbits, birds
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transm
direct contact, sexual contact, fomites
tropism
epith c - replic in nucleus, esp of dermal and mucosal surf
pathog
not a rapid infec -> enters thru skin abrasion -> infec basal layer of epidermis (stratum basale) -> delays differen at spinous layer -> conseq induces hyperplasia and outgrowth of superfic keratinized layers of skin
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CATTLE
cutaneous, esophageal, penile, vulvar
rarely malig but can easily be traumatized and lead to hemorr, anemia, weakness
may incapacitate bull for breeding, vaginitis, esophageal form can = choke, dysphagia, drooling, wt loss
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CANINE
4 maj synd
papillomas on head, eyelids, and feet of older dogs
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papillomas on/in oral cavity, face, eyes of young dogs
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prog: excellent in young dogs, older dogs gen mean immunodepression
gen self-resolving in 1-5 mo. Sx excision, crushing, HPV cream
papillomas gen benign, but may cause trouble eating, hemorr, hypersaliv, halitosis, 2ndary oral infec/ulcerations
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Poxviruses
charac
lg virus, no classic viral env = extremely stable in environ
pathog
replic in regional LN, primary viremia (1-3 d), 2ndary target organs are infec w subsequent dev of 2ndary viremia (spleen and liver)
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diag
clinc presentation + lesions, cytoplasmic inclusions found in infec tis, EM common w/ lg viruses, VI, PCR
Orf virus
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infec sheep, goats, camels, and hu
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CS
lesions on lip, muzzle +/- feet, genitalia, teats
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Cowpox
CS
sm papules (red edematous area) -> grow ad form vesicles -> then pustules -> thick reddish scabs form over surf
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Bacteria
Streptococcus
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Strep pyogenes
abscesses
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prevention is best tool
avoid
lack of bedding, rough floor surf, poorly cut needle teeth
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Staphylococcus
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Staph aureus
tick pyaemia in lambs
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CS
localized abscess in many organs, septicemia, rapid death
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trtmt
lim value in severely affec lambs, prophylactic abx trtment in 1 wk old lambs, tick control
MRSA
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SA MRSA infec (mainly dogs) around the world: wound and sx site infec, pyoderma, otitis
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Staph hyicus
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morbid = 20-100%, mortal up to 90%
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CS
widespread excessive sebaceous secre, exfoliation and exudation of skin surf. Exudate accum around lesions = dries and cracks = creates deep fissures -> seems oily
predisp factors
sow agalactia, concurrent infec, stress from weaning process
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prev
cleaning and disinfec, vax +/- effective
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necrosis
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ear necrosis (Staph hyicus, Strep)
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lesion = trauma -> exudate, crusts -> necrosis and ulceration
trtmt
feed medication if widespread in herd, inject severe cases, spray disinfectant, improve ventil, minimize cannibalism
cyanosis
Actinobacillus
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A. suis
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carried in tonsils, nostrils, vaginal muc of healthy pigs
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pathog
invasion thru abrasion in skin and mm -> septic emboli formed -> spread to various organs -> form microcolonies = areas of hemorr and necrosis
virulence factors
capsule, LPS, pore forming toxins, hemolytic/cytolytic toxins
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(Ecto)Parasites
Drashia and Habronema sp
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life cycle
fly feeds on horse -> L3 larvae expelled in saliva expelled onto skin, lips, wounds -> horse inges L3 on skin when grooming, licking lips, or inges fly itself -> L3 dev to adults in stom of horse -> adults mate nd pass L1 into feces -> eggs hatch in feces -> dev to L2 nd re-inges by fly larvae in dung piles -> L2 dev to L3 in fly pupae -> adult fly lands on horse and deposits L3 -> cycle cont
if larvae are deposited in wounds or loc other than near mouth the larvae will encyst in subQ tis = summer sores
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CS
adults cause stom ulcerations or gastritis but typ asymp. Summer sores = greasy w blood tinged fl draining from them and contain rice grain like material. May progress to proud flesh. Granular conjunctivitis, nodules in lungs
diag
biopsy w histopath looking for larvae, fecal float for larvated eggs (eggs difficult to diag bc they become distorted or rupture w soln)
control/prev
remove manure, manage compost piles to maximize heat, parasitic wasps, insecticides, feed IGR to horses
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Ctenocephalides felis
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eggs
pearly white, oval, w rounded ends
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larvae
maggot-like, only dev in cool, shady areas where pets rest
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pupae
found in soil, vegetation, carpets, under furniture, ani bedding
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fleas may be bio vectors (plague, typhus, nematodes) or IH (dipylidium caninum)
CS
pruritis, irritable/restless, purplish skin lesions, anemia, flea bite hypersensi
diag
look for flea dirt or flea (common on head, tail, base of neck)
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control/erad
repellant, environ decontamin, insecticides, erad
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lice
life cycle
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2 types
chewing (Mallophaga)
wide mandible, chewing parts, yellow
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sucking (Anoplura)
pointed nose, lg, dk blue
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CS
pruritis, excessive grooming, hair/feather loss, skin injury, dec performance or wt gain, sucking = anemia
diag
CS, ID of nits or lice on body
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trtmt/control
all ani treated on premises, topicals kill all stages but nits (apply 2nd dose w/in 2 wks), quarantine herd, isol young to lim spread
mites
Demodicidae
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multi forms on dog, cat, cow, pig, hu
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Demodex canis
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CS
non-puritic alopecia, erythema
2 presentations
localized: young (3-6 mo), eyes, mouth, bony projections
generalized: older ani, 2ndary to dz process
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Sarcoptidae
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impt in dogs, pigs, cattle, horses, sheep, hu
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CS
alopecia/erythema, intense pruritis, crusting and oozing of integument, hyperkeratosis
dog lesion distrib: dev 1st on abd, chest, ears, elbows, leg
pigs: begins on head, esp ears and spread thruout body
pathog
females burrow to stratum corneum, sucking c and laying eggs in tunnels
saliva, feces and exuviate are antigenic = intense pruritis and hyperkeratosis
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Notoedres cati
cats, rats, rabbits, hu - sim to Sarcoptes scabei
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Cheyletidae
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cat, dog, rabbit, hu (transient)
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charac
triangular in shape, legs extend behind, diamond appearance, prominent mandibles
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struc of skin
epidermis -> dermis (hair follicles, blood ves), hypodermis (fat)/subQ
epidermis
basal layer (mitosis, stratum basale = innermost)
spinous layer (IC desmosomes, stratum spinosum)
granular layer (1-2 or 4-8 c thick, stratum granulosum)
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horney layer (corneocytes, stratum corneum = outermost)
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