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B2 cells and control - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the neurons carry electrical impulses between receptors, cns and effectors
  - - - covered in a layer of myelin sheaf, this insulates the neuron so electrical impulses travel down it more quickly
  - - - dropping hot objects, blinking and sneezing
      - components of a reflex arc
        
        Stimulus - stimulus can be any change in the environment to which the body needs to respond . stimulus is detected by a receptor
        
        receptor
        
        receptors are found all over thebody , they detect a change in the environment and start a signalling process within the body which is picked up by a neurone
        
        neurones
        
        there are three types of neurons
        
        sensory neurone - carries signal in the form of an electircal impulse to CNS
        
        relay neurons - relays the electrical impulse from sensory neurone to appropriate motor neurone
        
        motor neurone - another type of CNS carries electrical impulse from cns to effector
        
        1 more item...
- - - - in interphase extra sub cellular structures such as ribosomes and mito are produced
        the cells chromosomes are also replicated so there are 2 sets of the cells chromosomes
        
        mitosis
        
        the two sets of chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cel and then the nucleus divides into two
        
        cytokenisis
        
        the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to create two identical diploid cells
  - - - chromosomes condense
    - - chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
    - - the two sets of chromosome are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
    - - nucleus splits and two new nuclei form
  - - - malignant
        
        malignant tumors can invade neighbouring tissues and spread throughout the body in the blood leading to the creation of more secondary tumors
      - benign
        
        benign tumors stay in specific part of body often within a membrane
- - - - these cells then divide to form embyros that differentiate to produce cells that can perform all the bodys functions
  - - - keep their ability to differentiate throughout their life and are always able to create new tissues
    - - most animal cells differentiate early in their development, in mature animals cells mostly divide to replace cells and repair tissues. new tissues are rarely created by cell differentiation
  - - - adult stem cells differentiate into fewer cell types than stem cells in embyros, used to replace dying cells and damaged tissues.
  - - - stem cells may be able to replace damaged cells in te body, e.g. the damaged cells which cause diabetes or paralysis , they can also be used to treat patients with burn injuries arthiritis and parkinson's disease
      - theraputic cloning
        
        a process which produces and embyro with the same genes as the patient . Same dna as patient which means body wont reject stem cells
    - - virus transmission
      - ethical beliefs - some people disagree with use of stem cells on ethical grounds
      - rejection
        
        introducing stem cells into a patient could cause the patients immune system to reject and destroy the cells
- - - - this zone is near the tip of the root
        cells divide by mitosis and new cells are created
    - - this zone is further up the root next to the zone of cell division it is where cells grow in size
  - - - Whenever a baby is born, their growth is compared to that of millions of other babies to make sure that they are growing as they should be. This is represented by percentile charts.
      - The baby's age (x-axis) and weight (y-axis) can be compared to growth curves for different percentiles of the population.
      - If a baby is in the 1st percentile, 99% of all other babies at that age are heavier. This could mean that it is developing too slowly, and doctors can then investigate this.