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Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bone Resorption
        
        Remodelling (process of bone cells breaking down and transforming into a fluid substance that enters the blood)
      - Bone Loss
        
        greater among people who do not perform weight-bearing activities(activities done on your feet that work bones and muscles against gracity)
        
        actual size of bones doesn't change untile later adulthood
        
        both sexes lose height and gain weight during these years
    - - Strength peaks in early 30s
      - exercise and healthy diet maintains muscle strength
      - Sarcopenia (the process of skeletal muscle loss due to aging)
        Varies by gender, amount of exercise, ...)
      - muscles get more flexible with age
        
        concentric muscle movement
        
        the contraction of muscles during physical activity
        
        Eccentric muscle movement
        
        the lengthening of muscles as they return to original position after stretching
    - - Hair
        
        shows the most obvious signs of age
        
        new hair replaces lost hair
        
        for some, hair loss outpaces hair replacement
        
        baldness
        
        melanin gives hair color - new hair contains less and less melanin
      - Skin
        
        sebaceous (oil producing glands) work less efficiently
        
        number of collagen cells decreases
        
        less elasticity leads to cracks and wrinkles
        
        best way to slow the process: diest and exercise
        
        appearance of small oddly shaped spots on face and arms
        
        not dangerous. are called by various names including liver spots, age spots, solar lentigines
    - - Presbyopia - the inability to focus on nearby objects (increases with age)
      - Myopia- nearsightedness; the. ability to see close objects clearly but inability to see distant objects clearly
      - slow hearing declines
        
        conductive hearing loss; impaired conduction in middle ear
        
        sensorineurol hearing loss; loss of hair cells along the basilar membrane in the inner ear
        
        some types can be medically corrected
        
        hearing aids magnify sound and inhibit noise
        
        in the ear, behind the ear, or in the canal
      - chemical senses of taste and smell become less acute
        
        taste and smell sensitivity goes away for some (salty and sweet tastes are lost first; bitter and sour tastes follow)
    - - Brain Functioning
        
        Plasticity (rebuild and recover after insult)
        
        Neurogenesis (process of generating new neurons from stem cells)
      - Decrease in brain volume (Skills and Abilities)
      - Exercise and Nutrition
        
        can slow normal biological aging
        
        Obesity is linked to cognitive diseases
        
        Parkinson's disease
        
        Alzheimer's disease
        
        Dementia
      - Brain Shrinkage
        
        high cholesterol
        
        stress
        
        diabetes
        
        obesity
        
        high blood pressure
        
        Depression
        
        Smoking
      - Strokes (riskiest after 65)
        
        can be very disabling
  - - - Crystalized Intelligence (contains basic information that we acquire over time such as facts and figures)
        
        learning and life experiences (skills and knowledge)
        
        increases linearly through middle adulthood
        
        demonstrated throughout while fluid intelligence declines
      - Fluid Intelligence (reasoning and logic)
        
        problem solving, pattern recognition and abstract reasoning
        
        predictor of successfully working with complexity, ambiguity, or uncertainty
        
        increases through young adulthood
        
        steadies and declines after young adulthood
    - - stress
        
        sandwich generation
      - as cognition declines, they engage in SOC; selective optimization with compensation
        
        Optimization (applying more and new efforts to reach a goal)
        
        Selection (identifying reasonable goals)
        
        Compensation (revising or changing the scope of a goal that better match the abilities)
    - - Apprentice
      - Expert
      - Initiate
      - Expert
      - Novice
      - Master
  - - - 1/4 of canadians are obese
      - overweight and obesity can lead to problems
      - exercise and good nutrition can: 1. help control weight. 2. slow physical declines of muscles, bones, and other systems
      - physical activity for women results in neuro-chemical changes ; boost that produces estrogen and helps avoid many issues middle adults face
      - exercise improves cardiovascular functioning, increases cognitive functioning, decreases weight
      - the percentage of inactive adults increases with age
      - canadian society of exercise physiology recommends 150 minutes per week physical activity
      - Nutrition - enjoyment of eating out outweighs the knowledge about healthy food
        
        most north americans do recreational snaking; snacking on ready-made, hand-held foods
        
        food habits and routines are strong predictors of food choices
        
        adults wanting to lose or maintain weight need to change habitual eating patterns
        
        healthy diet and exercise translate to: better health, positive cognitive function, and higher resistance to disease and aging)
    - - Women
        
        changes are more pronounces; hormonal changes affect menstruation
        
        Menopause: a period of time in which production of a women's hormones (estrogen and progesterone) begins to decrease, causing changes in reproductive capabilities. Approximately 66% of women experience some physical symptoms along with menopause.
        
        a process that occurs over a number of years
        
        indicator of the end of the reproductive life cycle
        
        results from a reduction in estrogen production and stoppage of progesterone production
        
        most women begin their lates 40s completed by 55
        
        2/3 of women experience physical symptoms including weight gain, fluid retention, mood changes, irritability, and hot flashes
        
        hormonre replacement therapy (HRT): adding estrogen and progesterone to a woman's system
        
        benefits outweight costs
        
        reduces discomfort
        
        combats risk for heart disease
        
        combats bone loss
        
        general decrease in frequency of sex because of widowhood, poor health, decreased happiness
      - Men
        
        changes take place over longer period of time, fewer external cues about changes
        
        Andropause: a decrease in testosterone in males resulting in physiological reproductive changes (lower sperm count and lower penile responsiveness)
        
        symptoms:
        
        depression
        
        erectile problems
        
        anxiety
        
        linked to lower levels of testosterone and general aging
        
        diminished sexual desire
      - physiological, psychological, and emotional changes affect sexuality and intimacy
        
        sexual relationships; decreasing hormones associated with reduced libido in both sexes; pharmaceutical interventions are available
        
        sex life satisfaction is associated with good health
        
        most adults have sex frequently (men 6 times and women 5 times per month)
    - - Heart Disease
      - Cancer
      - Stress
        
        Stress response: a change in the physiological functioning of the body's systems when it perceives and external threat or attack
        
        allostatic load: physiologic wear and tear on the body that is the result of repeated and long-term exposure to stress (accelerated disease processes and health problems)
  - - - increases in conscientiousness and agreeableness
      - decreases in neuroticism
      - personality changes
        
        happens when middle aged adults accomodate(change their schemas due to major life events) ; intra-individual change
        
        factors: gender differences, verbal ability, timing of life events
      - maturity principle
    - - Marriage in midlife
        
        55% have been continuously married since early 20s
        
        45% vary greatly with respect to marital status and marital biography (information about the number, timing, and duration of marriages in a person's life)
        
        marriages that last into midlife are usually happy ones
        
        happiness in one's marriage is one determinant of marital continuity. Marital conflict increases the likelihood of marital dissolution
        
        sharing the same values and husband sharing in housework predicted a high-satisfaction, low-conflict marriage
        
        constructive fighting involves relationship repair - protective against divorce only if both partners use constructive strategies
      - Divorce
        
        occurs when a spouse feels that the costs of staying in a marriage outweighs the benefits
        remarriages more likely to end in divorce (20%) than first marriages (9%)
        divorce rates have increased over the past few decades
        
        half of first marriages that end in divorce do so within the first 8 years
        over 90% will be over before the 25th anniversary
        state of the marriage in its earliest years matters most
        couples unhappy before the honeymoon are mo likely to get divorced
        big issues get resolved or couples divorce
        
        3 most common reasons for divorce
        
        abuse
        
        different points of view
        
        sexual issues
        
        less common in midlife, affects self-esteem, affects relationship with children, friends, and relatives, major shifts in incomes, alimony and child support often cause new stresses on both partners, and singleness in midlife is associated with increased odds of death
      - Timing of Parenthood
        
        teen and young adult mothers reported lower positive feelings and more negative feelings in midlife
        
        studies show teen parenting has short and long term implications for early transitions to parenthood
        
        early motherhood: interruptions in education and career transitions, less access to employment and income through mid-life, and less marital stability
      - Remarriage (antidote to the stress of divorce)
        
        more likely to partner without marrying
        
        LAT (Living Apart Together): describes couples who have an intimate relationship but live at different addresses - may allow older couples to maintain independence
      - Childlessness
        
        correlated with wellbeing at midlife
        
        good health, feeling socially connected, financial stability, having a good partner or husband
        
        for men, 1 in 7 men remains childless and wellbeing affected more by partnership than parenthood status (being single at midlife is associated with low wellbeing)
        
        involuntary childlessness is associated with feelings of loss, exclusion, and isolation (childlessness benefits women's wellbeing)
      - Same-Sex marriages and partnerships
        
        cooperative health behaviour is more common in gay couples
        
        characterized by both partners influencing the health behaviours of the other
      - Family in midlife (family lifestyle model helps explain the developmental tasks of a family s it moves through various stages
        
        Launching phase; begins when oldest child leaves home and ends with the youngest
        
        mean age of first birth in canada is 28; children reach age of independence when parents are in their mid-40s - mid 40s marks the end of the transition into parenthood
        
        Empty nest syndrome: feelings of distress and depression in midlife as a result of the loss of the parental role as adult children become independent
        
        not necessarily a negative experience ; it's actually associated with increased marital satisfaction
        
        Boomerang kids: adult children living at home
        
        positive relationship with adult children predicts health and wellbeing for mothers and fathers "you're only as happy as your least happy child"
        
        Relational ambivalence: simultaneous positive and negative feelings about a relationship (parents feel more ambivalence about less successful adult children)
        
        parents with higher levels of neuroticism or education have elevated ambivalence
        
        mothers more ambivalence related to children's lifestyle and behavioral problems
        
        fathers more ambivalence related to children's physical and emotional problems
      - parental caregiving
        
        sandwich generation - caregiving for a parent stresses one's coping capacities and puts demands on one's resources
        
        Caregiver and Kinkeeper roles:
        
        Caregiver Role: in the context of a family, an unpaid role that involves taking responsibility for someone with chronic illness or who is approaching the natural end of lie
        
        Kinkeeper Role: Within a family, the person responsible for organizing communications, maintaining relationships between family members, carrying out family traditions, and valuing family celebrations
      - Relationships in midlife (adults construct most of their social networks during their 20s and 30s)
        
        by middle age, networks are more stable
        
        relationships with family and friends are most strongly associated with midlife wellbeing
      - Relationships with adult siblings and friends
        
        provide an important source of support
        
        share common experiences
        
        siblings get along better when they perceive parents as fair andnequitable
        
        conflict between siblings is problematic when caregiving responsibilities need to be distributed; conflict occurs in families in which one or more siblings have experiences negative life events such as divorce, psychological problems, addiction, problems with the law, victimization of abuse, or financial problems
        
        friends midlife friendships provide a variety of different elements of social support
        play an instrumental role in how adults maintain their marriages both sexes do marriage work in their friendships
        
        friendships play an important role in predicting midlife physical health of LGBT adults after midlife
        
        social supports and social network size are protective against: 1. poor general health, 2. disability, 3. depression
    - - Generativity vs Stagnation
        
        The redemptive self: Pathways to generativity:
        
        Future Growth: The person expects and accepts that the future will be about both achievement and setbacks
        
        Balanced investment: the person strives to make investments in both self and others: Narcissistic and Altruistic Goals
        
        redemption - the person focussed on giving back, or making up for the difference between what she had and others did not
        
        Value Compass - the person had a set of values or consistent worldview that served as a steadfast guide
        
        Exposure to suffering - the person observed the suffering and hardship of others
        
        Early Strength- at a very young age, the person had some advantage others didn't have
        
        Stagnation (little to no growth leads to stagnation)
        
        remaining focuues on day-to-day self-centred activities and interests
        a failure to shift one's focus and investment to future-and-other oriented goals
        
        Generativity (achieved through investment of self in parenting, careers, or volunteer work)
        
        increases from 20s to 50s; decreases in 60s and 70s
  - - - HEDONIC WELLBEING
        
        efers to feeling good about and satisfied with one's life while experiencing an absence of negative feelins
        
        decreases to its low point in the early 50s
        
        adults approaching 60 are likely to experience an increase in hedonic wellbeing
      - EUDAIMONIC WELLBEING
        
        inversely associated with depression
        
        absence of wellbeing associated with biological markers of poorer health and physical stress
        
        an individual's engagement in leading a productive life, associated with personal growth and fulfillment of one's potential
      - MIDLIFE CRISIS
        
        idea by Elliot Jaques
        
        the psychological experience of recognizing that life is half over and making course corrections to romantic life, career, and living situation to make life more consistent with values and desires
      - balance
        
        MASCULINE & FEMININE
        
        DESTRUCTION & CREATION
        
        YOUNG & OLD
        
        ATTACHMENT & SEPARATION
    - - GENDER CROSSOVER the tendency for each sex to adopt traits strongly associated with the opposite gender
      - women become more assertive, self-confident, highly successful in careers
        men become more nurturing and focus more on building intimate relationships with those they care about
      - GENDER CONVERGENCE the tendency for both males and females to become more similar as they mature
    - - Antecedent-focused emotion regulation:
        
        the use of emotion regulation strategies before facing a stimulus
      - Response-focused emotion regulation
        
        the use of emotion regulation strategies, such as self-talk, after facing a stimulus
    - - SST (Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory): people change their values as they get older, investing more socio-emotional energy in events, investing more socio-emotional energy in events they perceive as meaningful
        
        Draws on knowledge of cognitive development in adulthood
        
        takes into account changes in adults' motivation
        
        adults become less motivated to plan and more motivated to invest in the present
        older adults may be more likely to attend to positive information because negative information takes more effort and energy to process
        some have attributed positivity effect to structural changes in the brain
    - - middle aged men and women are less likely to be reemployed, more likely to suffer wage declines when reemployed
        middle aged men and women are however less likely to lose their jobs compared to younger workers
      - workers 50 and older don't usually move from career to final retirement
        over 60% move from full time jobs to bridge jobs; less demanding full or part time jobs that ease the transition to retirement
        40% of retirees move back into the labour force
        encore career: a career in the second half of life that combines continued income, greated personal meaning, and social impact