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(4.) Hva menes med pedagogisk støttestruktur (scaffolding) i…

- - - - gap between actual development of a child alone, and potential dev. with an adult/more capable peer
    - - "" ... with a computer, digital device, software, etc.
  - - - Transitioning from mirroring (visualization) to
        guidance in computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL)
    - - Scaffolding as application of learning analytics
    - - CS : Critiquing systems
        
        automated feedback to trigger reflection toward a personal goal within a well defined domain
      - MW: Microworlds
        
        constructionism, self-directed learning in open domain
      - ITS: Intelligent tutoring systems
        
        guidance and feedback for steps toward a given goal in a well defined domain
- - - - Problem description
        
        The problem to solve is to construct Wooden pyramid by combining basic wooden blocks
        
        Requires a combination of “blind”(serendipitous) action by child and more rigid and informed actions by following instruction from the tutor
        
        The tutor scaffolds the building and learning process, sometimes being there and sometimes fading away to support the learner’s gradual development
      - Types of feedback by tutor
        
        Showing
        
        Direct intervention (giving example)
        
        Telling
        
        Verbal correction (telling)
        
        General verbal directions (reminder, checking)
      - Experiment with children
        
        The paper describes an experiment with children aged 3, 4, and 5 years
        
        They interact with a human tutor (adult) who helps them to build a pyramid out of the basic building blocks
        
        Data is categorized according to the three types of scaffolds (direct intervention, verbal corrections, general verbal directions), and compared across age groups
      - Results
        
        3 year olds learn less from telling (ignore them) than from showing (demonstration),
        
        4 year olds are more explorative and verbal and learns also from telling (verbal correction and direction)
        
        5 year olds are more independent and needless feedback, they learn from telling, especially confirmation (praise) or checking of constructions
  - - - Collaboration Management Cycle model
        
        mirroring tools:
        
        collect data and reflect this information back to the user;
        
        raise students awareness about their actions and behaviors;
        
        locus of interaction: learners and teachers
        
        metacognitive (monitoring) tools:
        
        display information alongside a visualization of the current state of indicators;
        
        help the learners and human coaches to diagnose the interaction
        
        Guiding systems:
        
        do all the above
        
        and propose remedial actions to help the learners
        
        ex. "Slutta" appen med snus
        En app for å slutte å røyke
    - - from Foilers:
        
        Computer-based critiquing system (Fischer)
        
        Design and inquiry do not aim at Optimal Solutions but satisficing (“good enough”) solutions, where an aim is to choose and argue for a specific solution
        
        Individualized feedback important to both computer tutors and critics in order to support incremental knowledge development and learning
        
        Critiquing systems are a special type of intelligent tutoring system for design and inquiry (open ended problem solving processes, no optimal goal)
        
        Critic feedback
        
        Critiquing is the presentation of reasoned opinion about a product, item or action
        
        Critiquing supports both critique and praise
        
        Critique: What can be improved
        
        Praise: What is good about a design
        
        Automated critiquing systems have been built for a range of application domains to support novice designers to learn the rules (knowledge) of a domain
      - from notes from article:
        
        Critiquing definition
        
        presenting a reasoned opinion about a user's product or action
        
        critics support learning as a byproduct of problem-solving
        
        Core task of critics
        
        recognize and communicate debatable issues concerning a product
        
        ○ point out errors and suboptimal conditions
        
        ○ advise users on how to improve the product and explain their reasoning
        
        --> general goal: avoid problems and learn different views and opinions
        
        Domains suited for critiquing
        
        design tasks in complex problem domains
        
        design problems that are ill defined:
        
        do not have an optimal solution
        
        the problem cannot be precisely specified before attempting a solution