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Vascular Plants: Without Seeds - Coggle Diagram
Vascular Plants: Without Seeds
Concepts
Dibiontic life cycle:
multicellular gametophyte
multicellular sporophyte
monobiontic life cycle:
one multicellular generation
zygote only undergoes meiosis
Interpolation hypothesis:
small sporophyte came into existence when a zygote germinated mitotically instead of meiotically
Transformation Theory:
after the dibiontic life cycle originated, both gametophyte and sporophyte became larger, more complex, and vascularized
Early Vascular Plants
Rhyniophytes:
had equal dichotomous branching
Composition:
epidermis with cuticle
cortex of parenchyma
simple bundle of xylem
composition:
tracheid with annular secondary walls
Sporangium has to open to release spores
Xylem Structures of Early Vascular Plants:
Composition
Protostele
solid mass of xylem with no pith
endarch protostele
protoxylem is in center
metaxylem on outer edge
exarch protostele
metaxylem in center
protoxylem on edge
siphonostele
pith in center
Zosterophllophytes
small herbs w/ no secondary growth
Sporangia are lateral
sporangia open transversely
xylem was an exarch protostele
#
enantions
small outgrowths
increased photosynthetic surface area
The Microphyll Line of Evolution: Lycophytes
Morphology
enantions were large
contained trace of vascular tissue
called microphylls
development of true roots
had vascular cambium with secondary growth
Heterospory
sporangia
in clusters
called
cones
strobili
have
megaspores
develop into
megagametophyte
microspores
develop into
microgametophyte
Extant Genera
gametophytes produce
antheridia
archegonia
The Megaphyll Line of Evolution: Euphyllophytes
Trimerophytes:
houses three genera:
Trimerophyton
Psilophyton
Pertica
pseudomonopodial branching
single main trunk
unequal branching
overtopping
Origin of Megaphylls (Euphylls)
leaves that evolved from branch systems and are present in all seed plants, ferns, and euisetophytes
evolution is summarized in the telome theory
Monilophytes
roots have exarch xylem
#
have megaphylls
ferns
fern allies
Equisetophytes
Genus
Equisetum
horsetails
scouring rushes
herbs with no secondary growth
stems have a pith
siphonosteles
#
Ferns
appeared in Devonian period
leptosporangiate ferns
perennial
herbaceous
have leaves
contain a lot of vascular tissue
brach dichotomously
sori
where meiosis occurs
most are homosporous
Eusporangia and Leptosporangia
Eusporangium
many cells undergo periclinal division
Leptosporangia
single cell divides periclinally
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
The Term "Vascular Cryptogams"
have vascular tissue
lack seeds
reproduction is hidden
