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Chapter 11 Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Interpreted scores on their test as an estimate of current performance
      - Wanted the test scores to be used to identify children who needed special help
      - Wanted to emphasize that training and opportunity could affect intelligence
      - Constructed the test empirically
      - Mental age
        
        The average age at which normal individuals achieve a particular score
      - Chronological Age
        
        The number of years since the individuals birth
  - - - Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
        
        DIvide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100
        
        A numerical score on an intelligence test originally computed by dividing the person's mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
        
        Became the most popular way of testing intelligence in children and was able to be used by both children and adults
      - Adapted the Binet-Simon Test for the United States by standardizing administration and its age level norms
  - - - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
      - Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
      - Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
- - - - G factor
        
        A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity
    - - Crystallized Intelligence
        
        The knowldge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge
      - Fluid Intelligence
        
        The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
  - - - Practical Intelligence
        
        According to Sternberg, the ability to cope with the environment, sometimes called "street smarts"
      - Analytical Intelligence
        
        According to Sternberg, the ability measured by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze problems and find correct answers
        
        Example: your test results
      - Creative Intelligence
        
        According to Sternberg the form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts
      - Triarchic Theory
        
        The term for Sternberg's Theory of intelligence; so called because it combines the three main forms of intelligence
    - - Multiple Intelligences
        
        A term used to refer to Gardner's Theory, which proposes that there are seven (or more) forms of intelligences
      - Linguistic Intelligence
        
        Often measured on traditional IQ tests by vocabulary tests and tests of reading comprehension
      - Logical-Mathematical Intelligences
        
        Measured on most IQ tests with analogies, math problems, and logic problems
      - Spatial Intelligence
        
        The ability to form mental images of objects and to think about their relationships in space (ex using blocks)
      - Musical Intelligence
        
        The ability to perform, compose, and appreciate musical patterns, including patterns of rhyme and pitches (ex: writing songs and singing them)
      - Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
        
        The ability for controlled movement and coordination, such as that needed by a dancer or a surgeon
      - Interpersonal Intelligence
        
        The ability to understand other people's intentions, motives, and actions, as well a to work effectively with others
      - Intrapersonal Intelligence
        
        The ability to know oneself, to develop a satisfactory sense of identity, and to regulate one's life
  - - - Ex: some cultures value "good thinking" over SAT scores
- - - - Less educated people are generally less intelligent
  - - - Amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences
      - Says nothing about between-group differences
    - - A philosophy and a political movement that encouraged biologically superior people to interbreed and sought to discourage biologically inferior people from having offspring
- - - - Validity
        
        A property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure
        
        A psychology test which has only chemistry questions has a low validity score
        
        Psychologists have developed a number of ways to test for both validity and reliability
        
        Face validity
        
        Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test
        
        Content validity
        
        A property exhibited by a test in which each item is representative of the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers
        
        Item Analysis
        
        The process of examining each question on a test to see how it is related to the objectives being tested
        
        Criterion validity
        
        A property exhibited by a test in which each item is representative of the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers
      - Reliability
        
        A property exhibited by a test that yields the same results over time
        
        If you take the same test twice and get 70% the first time around and 30% the second time the test is not really reliable
        
        Test-Retest Reliability
        
        A property exhibited by a test which people get about the same scores when they take the test more than once
        
        Most basic type of reliability
        
        However, for tests such as the AP Exam, you could only take it once so there is a need for alternative methods to test for reliability
        
        Split-Half Reliability
        
        A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared
        
        If scores are very similar, the test has a high degree of reliability
        
        Reliability Means Consistency
    - - Example: Standardized Test
        
        Scoring guidelines are the same for each student and the results of the test can be used to draw conclusions about the test takers in regard to the objectives of the test
      - Normal Range
        
        Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution
      - When establishing norms, it is important to test a statistically significant sample
      - Ethics and Standards In Testing
        
        Ethical Concerns Related to Testing Involve:
        
        The confidentiality of the test results
        
        How to use the test to compare individuals
        
        How to report the results
        
        The impact of tests on society as a whole
  - - - Tests that can be scored easily by machine, such as multiple-choice tests and selected-response tests
      - Examples of these types of tests
        
        Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
        
        Myers-Briggs Types of Indicator
    - - Tests in which individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they can see or finish a story
      - Examples of a subjective test include
        
        Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
        
        Rorschach Inkblot Test
        
        How the subjects pick up, hold, and look at the card and response time are also considered
      - Inter-rater reliability
        
        A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a test
        
        Massive issue with subjective tests
- - - - Genetic
        
        Down syndrome
      - Environmental
        
        Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
      - Various accidents that can damage the brain
    - - Special education programs
      - Early interventions with mental retardation