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Chapter 23: Seed Plants II - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 23: Seed Plants II
Changing Concepts about Early Angiosperms
in the last century, wind-pollinated trees were grouped together in a "subclass Hamamelidae"
were considered the most relictual living flowering plants
relictual flower type was dramatic, not only because the differences in structure are so great, but because the ranalean flower is insect-pollinated
generalized
all parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpals) and these are arranged spirally
fossil plants has become more complete
ranalean flower
magnolia type flower were thought to be ralical
C. E. Bessey developed the hypothesis of the "ranalean" flower
features as complex as double fertilization flowers and developmental plasticity did not evolve
Classification of Flowering Plants
eudicots
are much more diverse and include a greater number of families, genera, and species
have two cotyledons and reticulate venation in the leaves
basal angiosperm
early angiosperms diverged into serval clades
n particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade
monocots
have only one cotyledon on each embryo, leaves have parallel veins and vascular bundles
have their parts arranged in groups or multiples of three
Basal Angiosperms
uniaperturate
are all other basal angiosperm and monocots
the descendants of the three earliest diverging groups would all display a large number of traits
Contained the living descendants of several groups that originated while angiosperms were still a young code
Monocots
asparagales
large clade with many families, species, and types of biology
there are several morphologic and DNA synapomorphies that unite this group
the Orchidacea is the largest and most diverse family of Asparagles
dioscoreales
small order has only one familiy
have petiolate, broad leaves with reticulate venation and are easily mistaken for dicots
liliables
contains so many ornamental plants, mostly bulbs
were defined broadly as a large group wit many highly derived families
commelinoid monocots
poles
contains the grass family Poaceae as well as serval other families such as a cattails
contains about 8,000 species and are much more than just the plants in the lawn
zingiberales
flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots
The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species
arecales
all are easily recognizable by their solitary trunk
contains familiar plants, the palms, in family arecaceae
alismatables
such plants tend to be thin and delicate
contains many aquatic herbs such as Sagittaria and many aquarium plants
tissues have been lost of simplified
Eudicots
rosid clade
The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification.
These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families.
large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species
asterid clade
exploit very specialized pollinators that recognize complex floral patterns
are extremely important medicinally
contains plants such as sunflower, periwinkle, and morning glory
basal eudicots
caryophyllales
is a diverse order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants
Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves
perisperm
nucellus cells proliferate and form a nutritive tissue
santalales
small order of highly modified plants, most of which are parasitic
Mistletoe is the common name for a number of parasitic plants within the order
anthocyanin pigment
are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue or black.
Concepts
all clades that have arisen since embryophytes become distant form charophyte
closed carpel
develops into a fruit that encloses the embryos as they develop into seeds
One or more carpels make up the pistil
eed-bearing structures that constitute the innermost whorl of a flower
angiosperm carpels
the edges of sporophyte primordial crowd against each other
grow shut, sometime leaving a visible suture
double ferilization
universal in flowering plants
involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg cell
magnoliophyta
also known as Angiospermae
are the most diverse group of land plants
greatest living species 257,000
primitively vesselless
having wood without vessels
they lack vessels because their ancestors lacked them
zygomorphy
capable of division into symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal plane
flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical
