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Seed Plants II: Angiosperms - Coggle Diagram
Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Magnoliophyta
most advanced group of plants; has a greater number of derived features than any other group; named for having flowers
large group with so many families, genera, and species that it is rare for an individual taxonomist to attempt to study and classify the entire group
Angiosperm Carpels
edges of sporophyll primordia crowd against each other and grow shut, sometimes leaving a visible suture, sometimes closing so completely that no sign of a seam remains
Carpels in the basal angiosperms are leaflike resembling young leaves whose blades have not yet opened
Closed Carpel
develops into a fruit that encloses the embryos as they develop into seeds
Double Fertilization
the process is universal in flowering plants; the transition from their ancestral group to being angiosperms, fertilization evolved such that the second sperm cell of the pollen tube fuses with the polar nuclei of the megagametophyte; this produces the endosperm nucleus
Primitively Vesselless
lacking vessels because the ancestors lacked them
Pistil
fusion of the carpels into a single structure
Sympetally
fusion of petals into one structure
Zygomorphy
flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical, not radially symmetrical
Ranalean Flower
where a Magnolia type flower was thought to be relictual
When a flower is Generalized
it has all parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) and these are arranged spirally
Monocots
have only one cotyledon on each embryo, and have several other characters
Eudicots
much more diverse and include a greater number of families, genera, and species. have two cotyledons and reticulate venation in the leaves; vascular bundles occur in only one ring in the stem
Basal Angiosperms
early angiosperms diverged into several clades; have classified them as monocots or dicots before, but many different DNA sequences indicate they had become reproductively separate from the other angiosperms very early
Uniaperturate
all other basal angiosperms and monocots
Tepals
perianth members
Septa
the carpels of Asparagales fuse side by side starting at their bases; the fused sides are called Septa
Septal Nectaries
open areas that secrete nectar
Commelinoid Monocots
four orders of monocots; they differ from the others in several unusual synapomorphies: they have unique types of epicuticular wax
Anthocyanin Pigments
water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue or black
Betalains
almost all Caryophyllales produce a group of water-soluble pigments
Perisperm
nucellus cells proliferate and form a nutritive tissue that surrounds the developing embryo
Rosid Clade
consists of many families that are so diverse with respect to vegetative body, flowers, chemistry, and ecology that it is difficult to see they are all related
Fabids
large clades of rosids also called Eurosids I
Malvids
another large clades of rosids also called Eurosids II
Asterid Clade
contains plants like sunflower, periwinkle, and morning glory; most derived large clade of eudicots
Iridoid Compounds
occur only rarely outside of asterids