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Chinese history (part II), Due to his irrelevance, the last Han emperor…

- - - - Sun Quan (182-252) was named king of Wu by the emperor and, in 222, declared himself emperor in opposition to Wei
      - In 221 Liu Bei (161-223) declared himself king of Shu, thus forming the last of the Three Kingdoms
      - In 216 Cao Cao (155-220) was conferred the title of king of Wei, thus creating the largest of the three kingdoms.
        
        Even better, in 220 the emperor abdicated in name of Cao Pi (187-226), son of Cao Cao, making the Wei the legitimate successors.
    - - In 263, Shu was conquered by Wei, but they themselves suffered a coup that created the Western Jin dynasty (266-316), which conquered Wu in 280, uniting China
        
        However, such union wouldn't last and Western Jin soon collapsed to rebellions and barbarian invasions, changing their capital and forming Eastern Jin (317-420) and starting the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439)
  - - - Most of the sixteen kingdoms were not Chinese, but they respected Han traditions to enlist popular support.
      - China would again be united by Wendi, founder of the Sui dynasty, in 581
        
        However, only two Sui emperors would reign through 35 years, though their achievements greatly helped the Tang
        
        Sui Yangdi (569-618), the second and last Sui emperor. He built the Great Canal, but the gigantic costs plus a disastrous campaign in Goguryeo (Korea) made him unpopular enough to get assassinated.
  - - - Nanfeng started assassinating the other princes to centralize her power, but was eventually caught and forced to commit suicide.
    - - Because of the civil war, the princes came to rely on nomadic soldiers, who eventually revolted and formed the 16 kingdoms.
- - - - Wu also tried conquering Tibet, but maintaining garrisons was hard, and soon the First Tibetan Empire (618–842) came to oppose her
      - With the help of the kingdom of Silla, the Tang Beat Gogureyo and unified Korea in the 7th century, but soon came to oppose China with the help of Japan
      - In 657, the Tang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate and would control it until 742
  - - - In 939, Vietnam (which was part of the empire since 111) got its independence, and only during the Yuan dynasty would it again be part of China
      - In 907 the last Tang emperor was deposed and later assassinated by Zhu Wen (852-912), beginning the Later Liang (907-923) and later the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
- - - - The five dynasties were: Later Liang (907–923), Later Tang (923–937), Later Jin (936–947), Later Han (947–951) and Later Zhou (951-960) until they were beaten by Song in a coup
      - Despite the separation, paper money was printed for the first time, maritimate trade exceeded land trade, china urbanized, etc
  - - - Eventually, Liao was conquered by the Jurchen people, who created the Jin dynasty (1115-1234)
        
        In 1210, the Mongols decided to invade China, led by Genghis Khan himself and proceeded to conquer all dynasties in the folowing decades
- - - - Although Yuan had united China after 4 centuries, the Mongols failed to adapt to Chinese culture and government
  - - - Amidst many revolts, Zhu Yuanzhang (r. 1368–1398) managed to create the Ming dynasty in 1368 and fully beat the Mongols in 1382
- - - - The usurper Yongle Emperor (r. 1402-1424) organized several naval expeditions to better know the world, but they ended during his disastrous attempts to conquer Vietnam (1407-1427)
  - - - In 1644, the last Ming emperor committed suicide to avoid capture by a rebel army. Later, the rebels were defeated and the Manchu that came to help proclaimed the Qing dynasty only 6 weeks after the death of the emperor.
        
        Although Ming forces kept fighting in the South for decades, they lost their last stronghold in Taiwan in 1683. Despiste this, the transition Qing might have been the most peaceful in Chinese history.