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5 Biodiversity and Ecology II - Coggle Diagram
5 Biodiversity and Ecology II
Food Chain
Trophic Structure
Trophic level - level of an organism in a food chain
Food chain - sequence of food transfer up the trophic levels, in which one organism eats the one below it in the chain and is in turn eaten by the one above, to transfer food energy
Producer :arrow_right: Herbivores(Primary consumer) :arrow_right: Omnivores,Carnivores(Secondary consumer) :arrow_right:Carnivores(Tertiary consumer)
1(Producer) :arrow_right: 2 (Primary consumer) :arrow_right: 3(Secondary consumer) :arrow_right:4(Tertiary consumer)
Producer
Autotrophic organism
produce complex organic compounds from simpler organic compounds
photosynthesis/ chemosynthesis
food source
occupy first trophic level
Eg: bacteria
Consumer
Hetetrophic organism
Decomposer
Decomposer - an organism breaks down dead organic matter
secrete enzymes on the dead organic matter to absorb nutrients
digestion occur externally
Sapotrophic
Detritivores
a decomposer eats dead organic matter
digestion occur internally
Eg: earthworm
Food web
a network of interconnecting food chain
an organism can occupy different trophic level
bigger no. of food chain, more stable the community
Ecosystem
Energy flow
passage of energy through ecosystem
through producer
only 10% energy will be transferred
usually 4 or 5 trophic levels in a food chain
after 4th trophic level , energy insufficient to support more levels
energy lost via
storage in body
used for respiration
lost as heat energy
lost in urine
used for growth
Chemical cycling
transfer of materials within ecosystem
Carbon cycle
major ingredients of organic molecules
carbon reservior- fossil fuels, soils, sediments
CO2 taken up through photosynthesis, release through respiration
Nitrogen cycle
essential component of proteins & nucleic acid
nitrogen abiotic reservior- air, soil, atmosphere
nitrogen in atmosphere(N2) :arrow_right: nitrogen fixation :arrow_right: NH4+ :arrow_right: nitrification :arrow_right: NO3- :arrow_right: plant :arrow_right: animals :arrow_right: detritus :arrow_right: dentrivores :arrow_right: NH4+
OR NO3- :arrow_right: denitrification :arrow_right: N2
Solar energy
only 2-3% used by plants
rest of energy lost by
light is reflected away
evaporation of water
passing through leaves, without being trapped by chlorophyll
wavelegth not suitable for photosynthesis- not absorbed
Ecological pyramids
P. numbers
P. biomass
amount of organic material
decrease at ascending level
inverted biomass pyramid because high reproductive rate but shorter lifespan than higher trophic level organism
P. energy
not influenced by size and metabolic rate
always upright