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Final Connections Assignment - Coggle Diagram
Final Connections Assignment
Chapter 1
Big Idea #1: Biology- The scientific study of life
ecosystems use the energy and building materials provided by photosynthesis
Big Idea #2: The process of science
The process of science is dictated by society, who determines what is morally right, and so experiments are often limited by ethical reasons. There has been a lot concern about whether or not GMOs are safe and ethical. Some ethical concerns that society is concerned with are: potential harm to humans and/or the environment, and possibility of humans having too much control over changing the genes of organisms.
Mendel used the scientific approach in his experiments about plant hybridization.
The Hershey-Chase experiments with the T2 bacteriophages used the scientific approach. They knew that viruses were made of proteins and DNA, and hypothesized that either one of those two things were injected into other cells in order for the infected cells to replicate into more T2 bacteriophage. They tested their hypothesis through an experiment using sulfur and radioactive phosphorous and found that when the bacteria had been infected by the radioactive phosphorous, most of it was found in the cell. They concluded that it was DNA that contained the genetic information, not proteins.
Big Idea #3: 5 unifiying themes in biology
Proteins are an example of the theme "structure and function are related". Proteins are made of an alphabet of 20 amino acid monomers and depending on how they are ordered into "words", the structure and function of the protein will be different. The wrong shape of proteins can also cause problems like sickle cell anemia or prions.
Glycolysis is thought to have evolved early in the history of life in Earth because it happens in the cytosol of nearly organism on Earth. This is an example of the main theme "evolution".
Chapter 2
Big Idea #1: Elements, atoms, and compounds
In glycolysis glucose, which is a 6 carbon sugar compound, goes through a series of chemical reactions to end up creating 2 molecules of pyruvate, which is a 3-carbon molecule.
Big Idea #2:Chemical bonds
Big Idea #3: Water's life supporting properites
Chapter 3
Big Idea #1: Introductions to organic compounds
Carbon is said to be the element of life because of its ability to be versatile and make lots of different configurations. Carbon can do this because of its 4 electrons, which allows it to form many stable bonds in different formations.
Big Idea #2: Carbohydrates
Cells can use carbs, fats, and proteins to make ATP. Carbs give a lot of energy because cellular respiration can maximize the extraction of energy from them. glycerol feedds into glycolysis and fatty acids feeds in acetyl CoA. Proteins are broken into amino acids
Big Idea #3: Lipids
Big Idea #4: Proteins
Big Idea #5: Nucleic acids
Chapter 4
Big Idea #1: Intro to the cell
Big Idea #2: The nucleus and ribosomes
Cell division and reproduction is centred around duplicating the genetic information in the nucleus; most of the steps in mitosis are for duplicating the chromosomes and then separating them into two cells, and the rest of the cell is just replicated as the last step.
Big Idea #4: Energy-converting organelles
In plants, the chloroplast is the energy converting organelle that turns solar energy into chemical energy
Big Idea #3: The endomembrane system
Big Idea #5: The cytoskeleton and cell surfaces
Chapter 5
Big Idea #2: Energy and the cell
ATP is used to drive cellular work and ATP is created by the mitochondria, which is the eukaryotic cell's energy converting organelle
Big Idea #3: How enzymes function
DNA can be edited by using enzymes. Restriction enzymes can be used to cut up foreign DNA and protects DNA from foreign substances.
Enzymes are used in DNA replication. DNA ligase links the short pieces of DNA together. Topoisomerase is an enzyme that unwinds the DNA strand and prepares it for replication. Helicase is used to open up the nucleotide by breaking they h-bonds holding them together.
Big Idea #1: Membrane structure and function
Chapter 6
Big Idea #3: Fermentation- anaerobic harvesting of energy
Big Idea #2: Stages of cellular respiration
Big Idea #4: Connections between metabolic pathways
Big Idea #1: Cellular respiration- aerobic harversting of energy
The mitochondria is an energy converting organelle because it makes ATP through cellular respiration
Chapter 7
Big Idea #2: The light reactions- converting solar energy to chemical energy
Big Idea #4: The global significance of photosynthesis
Big Idea #1: Intro to photosynthesis
In plants, photosynthesis is the process that converts sunlight energy to sugars. Those sugars are then used in cellular respiration to create ATP, which the plant uses in cellular activities.
Big Idea #3: The calvin cycle- reducing CO2 to sugar
In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is reduced to sugar through a series of chemical reactions that break and form bonds between atoms. For example, only 1 G3P molecule leaves the calvin cycle each time, meaning that the remaining 5 G3P molecules go through a series of chemical reactions in order to be recycled to the RuBP receptor.
Chapter 10
Big Idea #2: DNA replication
Big Idea #3: The flow of genetic info from DNA to RNA to protein
Big Idea #1: The structure of the genetic material
Big Idea #4: The genetics of viruses and bacteria
Chapter 11
Big Idea #2: Cloning of plants and animals
Big Idea #3: The genetic basis of cancer
Cancer results in mutations in genes that control cell division, causing the cells to divide uncontrollably.
Big Idea #1: Control of gene expression
If there is an interruption in the flow of genetic information from genotype to phenotype, then the gene won't be expressed which is a form of gene control. An example are microRNAs that stops the production of specific proteins by destroying the mRNA that would have made it.
Chapter 12
Big Idea #1: Gene cloning and editing
Big Idea #3: DNA profiling
The genetic map is a list of genetic loci along a chromosome. DNA profiling analyses samples and compares the genetic markers on chromosomes and can identify people because each person has their own unique pattern of inheritance.
Big Idea #2: GMOs
Big Idea #4: Genomics and bioinformatics
Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes and their interactions with not only other genes, but also the environment. By studying the genome, we can see what abnormalities contribute to cancer and can help us come up with methods to help people who have it.
Chapter 8
Big Idea #2: The eukaryotic cell and mitosis
Big Idea #3: Meiosis and crossing over
Big Idea #1: Cell division and reproduction
Big Idea #4: Alerations of chromosome number and structure
Chapter 9
Big Idea #2: Variations on Mendel's laws
Big Idea #3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance
The chromosome theory of inheritance says that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns
Big Idea #1: Mendel's laws
Big Idea #4: Sex chromosomes and sex-linked genes