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urine analysis , kidneys play a major role in both filtration &…
urine analysis
chemical examination
glucose
protein
ketone
bilirubin
urobilinogen
nitrate
leukocyte esterase
microscopic examination
RBCs
WBCs
epithelial cells
casts
crystals
bacteria
yeasts & parasites
physical analysis
volume
color
odour
appearance
specific gravity
urine samples
first morning samples
random samples
24h urinary samples
clean catch urine samples
physical examination
white turbid urine sample
colour of urine
pale yellow to yellow
because of drugs
pale to colourless
diabetes
dark yellow or brown red
fever & concentrated urine due to dehydration
yellow brown or beer brown
indicate with bilirubin
clear red
indicate with hemoglobirunia
,
cloudy red/ smoky red
indicate hematuria
because of food
dark brown
melanin
milky
fat
reddish orange
rifampicin
odour
ammoniacal
foul
sweet fruity
maple syrup
fishy
appereance
turbid
cloudy
kidneys play a major role in both filtration & reabsorption of necessary substances