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Do stress and negative emotions impact our dreams, and do dreams impact…
Do stress and negative emotions impact our dreams, and do dreams impact our psychological health? 
Antunes-Alves, S., & De Koninck, J. (2012). Pre- and post-sleep stress levels and negative emotions in a sample dream among frequent and non-frequent nightmare sufferers. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 14(2), 11–16.
PROCEDURE 1:Daily report of their day and mood: Participants were asked to self-report how their day went and their current mood before going to sleep. They are also asked to report how they feel after they wake up.
H0: Stress levels and mood do not have an effect on the dreams of (before and after bedtime) of nightmare and non-nightmare sufferers (control group). (σ2μ= 0)
H1: Stress levels and mood do have an effect on the dreams of (before and after bedtime) of nightmare and non-nightmare sufferers (control group). (σ2μ > 0)
Dependent variable: Stress levels (Before sleeping and after waking up)
Independent variables: Dreams (Of frequent nightmare sufferers and non-frequent nightmare sufferers)
Results/Test Statistic: F is obtained using two-way ANOVA however the APA format of the test statistic is is not provided except for p value :red_cross:
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PROCEDURE 3:General Questionnaire: Participants fill out a questionnaire with a list of general questions about age, marital status, education, family, frequency of dreams (1 = everyday, 2 = a few times a week, etc), medications.
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0: There are no significant differences between the two groups on how well they recall their dreams
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0: There are significant differences between the two groups on how well they recall their dreams
Dependent variable: How well dreams are recalled
Independent variables: Nightmare and non-nightmare sufferers
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PROCEDURE 2:Dream diary and questionnaire on dreams: Participants report their dreams through a dream journal and answer a questionnaire about said dreams.
H0: Dreams do not give rise to feelings of fear and anxiety within frequent nightmare and non-frequent nightmare sufferers. (σ2μ= 0)
H1: Dreams give rise to feelings of fear and anxiety within frequent nightmare and non-frequent nightmare sufferers. (σ2μ > 0)
Dependent variables: Mental state (Fear and anxiety)
Independent variables: Dreams (of nightmare and non-frequent nightmare sufferers)
Results/Test Statistic: Obtained using two-way ANOVA (two factors with two levels each)
Fear: F(1,59)=21.07, p<0.01, η2 =0.21
Anxiety: F(1,59)=8.31, p<0.01, η2 =0.19
The Fobt for fear is 21.07. (greater than 0) This f value has reached significance with a probability of less than 1%. It has an eta-squared of 0.21, a medium sized effect.
The degrees of freedom for fear and anxiety are 1(numerator) and 59 (denominator)
These values are obtained through formulas p - 1 and q - 1.
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The Fobt for anxiety is 8.31. (greater than 0) This f value has reached significance with a probability of less than 1%. It has an eta-squared of 0.19, a medium sized effect.
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Table:
The table shows the scores of frequent nightmare sufferers and non-frequent nightmare sufferers. The scores are based on their mood (fear, anxiety, sadness, etc.) before sleeping and after waking up and how their dreams made them feel.
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The value of the test statistic (t = 2.23) reached significance on how well dreams are recalled. There is a difference of greater than 0 between groups. Those who suffer from nightmares frequently recall their dreams better than those who do not suffer from nightmares as much.
Using an independent samples t-test to compare two independent group means
Results/Test Statistic: t(56)=2.23, p < 0.05.
The frequent nightmares group (M = 1.97, SD = 1.03) and non-frequent nightmares group (M = 2.65, SD = 1.33) means significantly differ
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The degrees of freedom are calculated incorrectly, there are a total of 60 participants (30 in two groups); therefore it should be 58
Conclusion:
Those who suffer from nightmares frequently recall their dreams better because of its negative connotations. This way they are easier to remember.
Overall conclusion:
Those who have nightmares frequently feel fear and anxiety from their dreams and remember them better because of its negative connotations. Further, they are more stressed and worried before going to sleep (in anticipation of nightmares) and waking up in the morning (because of dreams/nightmares). This also suggests that their mental wellbeing in the daytime is integrated into their dreams.
Conclusion: Dreams give rise to feelings of fear and anxiety among frequent and non frequent nightmare sufferers, with frequent nightmare sufferers having higher scores.
Conclusion: Those who suffer from nightmares frequently are found to be more stressed and have negative moods than those who do not have nightmares frequently.