Chapter 9: GROUPS
What is a group?
A group consists of two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
Used for ->
Groups
<-Often have
Specialization
Reasoning together: Skills, knowledge, memories, schemas
Social Norms
Social Rules
Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us
social facilitation: the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated
social loafing: the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks that they don’t care about but better on complex tasks that are important to them
deindividuation: the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified
Deindividuation Makes People Feel Less Accountable
Deindividuation Increases Obedience to Group Norms
Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?
process loss: which is any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
transactive memory: when the combined memory of a group is more efficient than the memory of its individual members
groupthink: a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
Why groups polarize and split
Reciprocity- become closer to people who cooperate with you
Transitivity- become closer to people who cooperate with your friends
Trust- baseline likelihood of cooperating
social dilemma: a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to everyone
Conflict and Cooperation
Negotiation: a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
Average estimate of a crowd will tend to be more correct than individual estimates
and
Groups find better solutions if they encounter other groups
