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Chapter 8
Conformity: A change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people
Private Acceptance: Conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
Public Compliance: Conforming to other people's behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what we are doing or saying
Contagion: the rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd
Mass Psychogenic Illness: the occurrence, in a group of people, of similar physical symptoms with known physical cause
Social Norms: The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members
Normative Social Influence: the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them, this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors
Social Impact Theory: the idea that conforming to social influence depends on the strength of the group's importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group
Idiosyncrasy Credits: the tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, behave deviantly without retribution from the group
Minority Influence: the case where a minority of group members influence the behavior or beliefs of the majority
Norms
Injunctive Norms: people's perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others
Descriptive Norms: people's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others
Informational Social Influence: the influence of other people which leads us to conform because we because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior
Chapter 9
Social Roles: shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave
Group Cohesiveness: qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members
Social Facilitation: the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated
Social Loafing: the tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated
Deindividuation: the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd) leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts
Process Loss: any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
Transactive Memory: the combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual
Groupthink: a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
Group Polarization: the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
Great Person Theory: the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation
Leaders
Transactional Leaders: leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them
Transformational Leaders: leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals
Task-Oriented Leader: a leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with workers feeling and relationships
Relationship-Oriented Leader: a leader who is concerned primarily with workers feelings and relationships
Contingency Theory of Leadership: the idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group
Social Dilemma: a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Tit-for-Tat Strategy: a means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial
Social dilemmas
Public Goods Dilemma: a social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good
Commons Dilemma: a social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used i moderation but will disappear if overused
Negotiation: a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counter offers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
Integrative Solution: a solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side
Group: three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other