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How did the last three presidents frame immigration in order to promote…

- - - - Immigration Reform
        2013 an immigration reform bill was introduced into Congress that would have included a road to citizenship for unauthorised citizens. The Republican majority did not accept it. Consequently, Obama held a speech to introduce measures that he saw fit to fix America's broken immigration system.
      - Policy goal
        Congress implements the Immigration Reform Bill as a means of fixing America's broken immigration system
    - - Main frame
        The problem aren't the immigrants, but the broken immigration system
        
        Storytelling
        
        Astrid
        
        Struggling fathers
        
        Why the Bill failed to pass in Congress
        
        Choice of language
        
        Loaded words
        
        “heartbreak”, “anxiety”, “a higher purpose”, “mass deportation”, “hypocrisy”, “cruelty”
        
        Euphemisms
        
        “Undocumented immigrants” - illegal immigrants
        
        “In the shadows” - breaking the law
        
        Analogy
        
        Immigration system is broken
        
        “Amnesty is the immigration system we have today”
        
        Frames
        
        Americans
        
        Generous
        
        “Get right with the law”
        
        “Not going to deport you”
        
        Law is law
        
        "we don't like the notion that anyone might get a free pass to American citizenship"
        
        “Play by the rules”
        
        “Not unfairly rewarded”
        
        “Nation of immigrants"
        
        “tradition we must uphold”,
        
        “legacy we must leave"
        
        “We were strangers once, too”
        
        Immigrants
        
        Not criminals
        
        “our neighbours, our classmates, our friends"
        
        Desperate for a better life
        
        “Work hard, often in tough, low-paying jobs”
        
        “Desperately want to embrace those responsibilities”
        
        Beneficial to country
        
        “Kept us youthful, dynamic and entrepreneurial”
        
        “Grow our economy and shrink our deficits”
        
        “Serve our country”
        
        “Contribute to America’s success”
        
        Ethos
        
        creating sense of community
        
        “We”, “us”, “ours”
        
        “We as a nation”
        
        Pathos
        
        evoking sympathy
        
        “the heartbreak and anxiety of children”
    - - Societal
        The Bill was not passed and Obama received a lot of criticism for his independent action. In 2015 the Republicans stated that they would not work with the Obama administration on the immigration reform, pushing the issue to at least 2017 (next presidential term). There was a lawsuit against him that concluded in 2016 with his actions being blocked.
      - Rhetorical
        Obama wanted to change the American people's view on immigration (instrumental purpose) to gain their support for his Immigration Reform Bill which would have pressured the Republicans into passing it (consummatory purpose).
        Obama, however, failed in connecting with his audience and offended Republicans even more which resulted in a lawsuit on Obama's presidential actions and no effective implementation of the reform.
        The speech was a fallacy as it had the opposite effect of its intention.
  - - - Frame: Illegal immigrants as criminals that cause a humanitarian crisis
        
        Analogy
        Ll. 5-7: Analogy of rich people building fences
        --> Trump loves Americans and wants to protect them, doesn’t hate Mexicans
        
        Storytelling
        Ll. 64-71: Tells different stories of crimes committed by illegal immigrants --> creates the assumption that all illegal immigrants are criminals --> makes the “danger” sound more real and serious
        
        L. 19: climax “humanitarian crises -> crisis of the heart -> crisis of the soul” --> urgent problem, affects everyone
        
        Frames
        
        Immigrants
        
        Vicious criminals - dehumanization
        
        “vicious coyotes" and "illegal aliens"
        
        Rapists and drug providers
        
        “an air force veteran was raped, murdered, and beaten to death with a hammer by an illegal alien"
        
        “vast quantities of illegal drugs including…”
        
        Americans
        
        The victims
        
        ll. 73: “weeping mothers” and “grief striven fathers”, “pain in their eyes”
        
        Trumps administration as the saviors
        
        Ll. 35-37: “urgent request for humanitarian assistance and medical support”, “immigrant children can be safely and humanely returned back home”
        
        Contrast
        Ll. 5-7: proudly welcome lawful immigrants (“enrich” and “contribute”) vs. uncontrolled illegal migration (“all Americans are hurt”)
        --> illegal immigrants never contribute but are criminal --> immigration as danger
        
        Metaphor
        L. 21: “children used as human pawns by vicious coyotes and ruthless gangs”
        -> illegal immigrants as brutal animals -> abusers and murderers of innocent
    - - On February 15, 2019,Donald Trump declared a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States (Proclamation 9844)
        --> Government shutdown over Trump’s demand for $5.7 billion for a border wall that Democrats dismiss
      - Policy goal
        Congress should approve to fund the building of a border wall to increase illegal immigration at the US-Mexican border
    - - Societal
        
        critique from the Democratic Party and even members of the Republic Party
        
        various law cases against the declaration of a National Emergency
      - Rhetorical
        
        uses various rhetorical devices
        
        Regarding his supporters: portrays illegal immigrants successfully as criminals and reinforces their prejudices
        
        Democrats view his remarks as offensive exaggerations - fails to convince Democrats
  - - - Main Frame
        While illegal immigration brings serious problems, the majority of illegal immigrants themselves are fellows
        
        Storytelling
        
        Marine Guadalupe Denogean
        
        Appealing to American values (Pathos)
        
        Respect the humanity of immigrants
        
        Frames
        
        America
        
        Both a lawful and welcoming society
        
        “We're a nation of laws, and we must enforce our laws. We're also a nation of immigrants, and we must uphold that tradition, which has strengthened our country in so many ways.”
        
        State-of-the-art America : American competence makes CIR objectives possible
        
        “America has the best technology in the world, and we will ensure that the Border Patrol has the technology they need to do their job and secure our border.” → 1st objective → border security
        
        Land of opportunities and nation of many people
        
        "must honor the great American tradition of the melting pot"
        
        “the great hope on the horizon, an open door to the future, a blessed and promised land."
        
        “trust in our country's genius for making us all Americans"
        
        Immigrants
        
        Welcome
        
        “They are a part of American life"
        
        Desperate for a better life
        
        “Our new immigrants are just what they've always been - people willing to risk everything for the dream of freedom
        
        Decent people with similar values
        
        “the vast majority of illegal immigrants are decent people who work hard, support their families, practice their faith, and lead responsible lives”
        
        Analogy
        
        America : one nation out of many peoples → 5th CIR objective : we must promote assimilation into our society by teaching new immigrants English and American values
        
        “We must honor the great American tradition of the melting pot, which has made us one nation out of many peoples”
        
        Logos
        
        America, the land of opportunities : Why illegal immigrants want to come to America → to build a better life → 3rd CIR objective : temporary worker program
        
        “The reality is that there are many people on the other side of our border who will do anything to come to America to work and build a better life”
        
        Choice of language
        
        Pathos : American pride and competence
        
        “America has the best technology", "great American tradition", "America - a blessed and promised land"
        
        First-person plural pronouns
        
        “We”, “us”, “ours”
        
        Euphemisms
        
        “live in the shadows of our society" - breaking the law
    - - Policy goal
        Calls on Congress to pass Comprehensive Immigration Reform (CIR - 5 objectives) that would find a "rational middle ground" on immigration
      - Societal climate Spring of 2006 ; a majority of Americans wanted to provide some sort of amnesty for those already living in the U.S. but they also saw illegal immigration as “a serious problem” (“State of American public opinion,” 2006), suggesting that a policy that augmented border security while providing a path to citizenship would be popular.
    - - Societal
        The bill called for the biggest changes in immigration law in more than 20 years. The vote followed an outpouring of criticism from conservatives and others who decried it as a form of amnesty for lawbreakers. The outcome was a bitter disappointment for Mr. Bush and other supporters of a comprehensive approach
      - Rhetorical
        Bush aimed to persuade his audience to accept finding a 'rational middle ground' between granting an automatic path to citizenship for every illegal immigrant, and a program of mass deportation. He appealed to the pathos and logos of his audience to do this, yet the bill fell short and he could not convince his fellow republicans who said it was an amnesty that rewarded illegal immigrants.