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A394 L07 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - M is the mass of the pendulum (kg), g is gravity (9.81N/kg), H is the length of the pendulum arm (m), θ1 is the angle of release and θ2 is the angle of swing
- - - - More energy is absorbed
        
        Cracks forced to move in direction not perpendicular to applied stress, reducing the intensity at the crack tip
  - - - Particles being constrained by the matrix and cannot transform freely
        
        Residual stress surround each particles which acts across the fracture plane and needs to be nullified for crack to propagate.
  - - - Generates forces on the crack face which reduces the crack-tip stress intensity.
        
        Example of ligaments: whiskers, elongated grains, continuous fibers
- - - - Brittle fracture
- - - - Equation(2)
      - Equation(1)
        
        σ_f=( 4Gy_m)/k_y(d^-1/2)
      - Symbols in Equation (1) and (2)
        
        σys = yield strength, MPa
        
        d = grain size, mm
        
        k_y = dislocation locking constant, MPa.mm1/2
        
        σ_i = materials constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, MPa
        
        σ_f = fracture stress
        
        G=Shear Modulus
        
        Y_m: The plastic work done around the crack
- - - - Number of barriers that crack need to overcome increases, forcing crack to reinitiate in different direction, increasing toughness