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On average, participants will record a greater increase in heart rate when…

- - - - Age
      - Race
      - Gender
      - Mood
      - Participant variables are inevitable, and they help reflect population, but due to these participant variables there are inevitable differences, there are unaccountable for imprecisions in the results
    - - Proximity
        
        Being close to other people/other people talking could affect ones heart rate out of comfortability, focus, nervousness etc meaning that the results become unreliable as there is more than one independent variable
      - Temperature
        
        Temperature is a factor that can affect ones hart rate, meaning that it may have skewed the results as it would have also affected heart rates as well as the music, meaning that the data is not reliable as there is more than one independent variable
  - - - Same participants must be used so as to limit and manage participant variables as much as possible
    - - The music listened to would have to be the same so that the beats/tempo were the same, so that results would be accurate
    - - Varying the amount of time that the music was listened to per participant would mean that the music would have more or less time to impact the persons heart rate, causing imprecise results
  - - - Difference in heart rate from initial to peak
      - Advantages
        
        Discrete numerical value: Can be quantified, tabulated, graphed, compared and analyzed easily
        
        Due to objective data, bias does not effect results
      - Disadvantages
        
        Due to data being objective quantitative, in detail information and reasoning cannot be gained from participants
        
        Other factors can affect heart rate such as temperature, proximity, nerves etc
        
        This results in imprecise and unreliable data as there is more than one independent variable (variable affecting results)
      - Objective quantitative data
  - - - Classical Jazz
        
        Slow tempo
        
        Slow beat
      - Heavy rock
        
        Very upbeat
        
        Fast beat
- - - - Advantages
        
        Objective quantitative data produces non bias data that can be easily analysed and used for evaluation
        
        A causal relationship can be determined
        
        Many controlled variables and one independent variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
        
        The results can be associated purely to the independent variable - conclusions can be drawn
    - - Conclusions cannot be applied to real world scenarios as factors are manipulated
        
        Cannot be applied to real world scenarios such as how music can impact a sportspersons performance, or studying ability, because the scenario was under a controlled artificial environment which does not exist in real life, where other variables actually have effects
        
        Improve
        
        To improve upon this, the experiment could transition into an observational one, as a naturalistic setting can increase external validity
      - Many uncontrollable factors due to school environment which can only be controlled to some extent
      - Low sample size because experiment cannot be easily repeated
  - - - Allowing the study of complex phenomenon that cannot be explored in the lab.
      - Naturalistic setting can increase external validity (i.e. how accurately it reflects what occurs in the real-world).
    - - Cannot determine cause & effect as extraneous variables mean there could be many causes to the observed behaviour.
      - Observations can be open to observer bias (researchers usually use a team to record their observations).
  - - - Allows more rich, in-depth data to be collected.
      - Can be used when little or nothing is known about a given topic.
    - - The (usually) small sample size means results cannot be generalized to a larger population.
      - The researcher's presence during data gathering, which is often unavoidable, can affect the subjects' responses.
- - - - Results can be used for Glenunga students
      - Large spread in terms of type of people, so some variability exists
    - - Results are not necessarily reflective of population due to lack of variability in sample
      - Participants may be bias due to previous engagement with topic during classes
- - - - However they were in close proximity so participants could perhaps glimpse at others results
        
        to improve on this, participants could be asked to sit further away from each other or in separate locations