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Criminal Justice - Coggle Diagram
Criminal Justice
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Stare Decisis: A legal principle whereby courts are bound by their prior decisions and the decision of higher courts.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: The part of the constitution that defines the rights and freedoms of Canadians including those accused of committing crimes.
Substantive Law: Consists of the written rules that define crimes and punishments, the rights and obligations of citizens and criminal justice personnel.
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Habeas Corpus: The rights of a person who is being detained to challenge the legality of his or her detention before a court.
Crime omission: an act where the accused has failed to take some action such as a school social worker falling to report child abuse to child welfare authorities.
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Mens Rea: the state of mind of a person committing a criminal act.
intent: the criminal intention in mens rea.
Duress: a defence where the accused individual claims that their actions were not voluntary but that they acted in response to being threatened by another individual.
Age defence: a defence that considers immaturity and recognizes that youth under the age of 12 cannot be held criminally responsible; sanctions might also mitigated for young defendants.
Mental Disorder defence: an excuse defence based on the argument that individuals suffering from serious mental disorders are incapable of forming mens rea to be held fully accountable.
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Justice of the Peace: a person who is appointed to carry out judicial functions such as authorizing searches, reviewing the legality of a suspects detention and determining whether there are sufficient grounds for a criminal case to proceed to court.
Special Prosecutors: Experienced lawyers who are appointed by a province or territory to investigate offences where government prosecutors might be perceived as biased, such as investigating an alleged case of prosecutorial misconduct.
indigenous Courtworkers: Provide services to indigenous people accused of an offence and to their family members, including advocating on the accused's behalf providing information about the rights and what to expect in court and offering translation services.
Specialized courts: courts that specialized in working with distinctive groups of offenders, including individuals with mental disorders or specific offences such as domestic violence.
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Breach of probation: a violation of an offender's conditions of probation such as using drugs or alcohol when it is forbidden or violation curfew.
Community service work: a condition of a probation order that requires an offender to participate in unpaid work programs that benefit the community.
Administration of Justice Offences: offences that occur because an individual disobeys a pretrial condition or an imposed sentence such as failing to attend court or failing to comply with a probation order.
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Absolute discharge: the least severe sanction that can be imposed resulting in a finding of guilt but with no conviction registered.
Conditional Discharge: requires the individual to comply with a number of conditions and after they fulfill those conditions, the discharge becomes absolute.
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Earned remission: a type of early release from a provincial correctional centre that has been earned by the inmate through good behaviour.
Temporary release: a type of release granted from a correctional facility so that inmates can participate in employment, education, treatment or family visits.
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Standard conditions: all Canadians on probation are required to keep the peace and be on good behaviour, report to the court or probation officer when required and report any significant changes to the court or probation officer.
Intensive Supervision probation: places high levels of supervision on high-risk probationers, and probation officers typically meet more frequently with them.
Electric monitoring: requires probationers or parolees living in the community to wear a device that communicates their whereabouts to a facility that tracts their movements.
Breach of probation: a violation of an offender's conditions of probation such as using drugs or alcohol when it is forbidden or violation curfew.
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Workhouses: places developed in the 1800s where the poor and people with mental illnesses were given basic necessities.
Warehousing: when inmates receive only their basic needs and few or no rehabilitative opportunities.
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Dynamic needs: Factors that can be changed by offenders, such as education level or employability
Segregation: placement of an inmate in a locked high security cell within a correctional facility usually in response to their misconduct.
Full Parole: a less restrictive form of parole granted by the parole board of Canada to Federal prisoners who have been successful in day parole.
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Age-crime curve: involvement in crime increases during early adolescence, peaks during the teenage years and early adulthood, then decreases throughout adulthood.
Trauma-informed care: an approach to delivering intervention that acknowledges the impacts of trauma on individuals and the importance of providing services in a safe, healing and empowering manner.
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third degree: a ling and intense interrogation, which in extreme cases involved threats of violence or the unlawful use of force to obtain a confession from a suspect.
Street Justice: occurs when a suspected offender is forced to submit to an unauthorized punishment by a police officer such as push-ups in return for not getting a speeding ticket.
PESREL analysis: a method of scanning the environment that considers political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors.
" Mr. Big" investigation: investigations carried out by undercover police officers posing as criminals to obtain confessions from suspects about their involvement in serious crimes.