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How does technology extend or transform different modes of human cognition…

- - - - Not necessarily related to acquiring knowledge! This can be linked to many other ways of knowing (producing, sharing, etc.)
      - What senses/modalities are involved in cognition and in receiving input for cognition?
- - - - The author thinks that part of the reason for this is that there are so many places to look, so many links, that we start to immediately wander away from the text
  - - - Has seemed to diminish our capacity to search for answers in a sustained way
    - - Clocks shaped our thought processes about time, and made us begin to ignore our body's sense of time in favor of timekeeping devices
    - - The Internet makes us accustomed to this type of thinking
    - - This tends to eliminate ambiguity; computers function using logical processes that don't really tolerate ambiguity
      - Our intelligence has become "artificial"
        
        The author makes an argument that this is similar to the Taylorist idea about work and efficiency
  - - - Feared that the invention of writing or the widespread use of writing would diminsh people's ability to remember things
    - - Nietzsche's typewriter: said to have changed the quality of his thought
    - - We can identify difference in brain structure/function based on the type of language the individual uses (alphabet-based vs. ideogram-based)
  - - - We can observe changes in the ways that people's brains work
- - - - Communication is instant; grammar is irrelevant, and efficiency and quantity are prioritized
    - - Methods of investigation/research have changed dramatically
        
        On one hand, more convenient
        
        On the other hand, there's an overload of resources available.
        
        We have to ask ourselves questions about the quality of the knowledge that we are accessing/acquiring
        
        This in turn raises questions about how we define the quality of knowledge
    - - Students in this class grew up with many of these innovations in their lives and so they haven't seen so many of these changes
  - - - Users have the responsibility to process/analyze the content and not just accept it
      - Forces creators to be more aware of the impact their content can have
      - Definition: to be accountable; to have the opportunity to act independently and make decisions without the authorization of someone else
        
        There are some limits to our ability to respond as USERS; we don't have as much power as the people who run the program
      - Ethical responsibility
        
        We could argue that as users we have less responsibility (in an ethical sense) than the people who run the social networks, because we have less power
  - - - Each of these inventions created new ways to understand the world by leading to the creation of much more knowledge
    - - Expanded opportunities to connect with people
      - But has a range of negative changes, like contributing to anxiety, eating disorders, etc.
  - - - Makes knowledge possible for some people
        
        On the other hand, it's possible to conceive of the capacity to develop knowledge without this technology, but with certain restrictions
    - - An interesting analogy might be with people who are blind or deaf and are able to compensate for their lack of a particular sense with heightened abilities in another sense