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THE ISSUE OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG ADULTS MentalHealthHands, Introduction -…

- - - - A mood disorder characterised by lowering of mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy.
    - - A mood disorder that can cause extreme periods of low (depressed) and high (manic) moods.
    - - A mild and chronic form of depression, now technically known as persistent depressive disorder.
  - - - Specific phobia
        
        An intense fear of an activity, situation, or object, exposure to which evokes immediate anxiety (flying, heights, specific animals or insects and blood).
      - Agoraphobia
        
        Characterized by anxiety about being in situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing, or where help might not be available in case of a panic attack
      - Social phobia
        
        Involves an intense fear of certain kinds of social or performance situations, again leading the individual to try to avoid such situations.
      - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
        
        Characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulse, or images that cause intense anxiety or distress.
- - - - Mental illnesses sometimes run in families, suggesting that people who have a family member with a mental illness may be somewhat more likely to develop one themselves.
      - Susceptibility is passed on in families through genes.
    - - Any damage that occurs to a fetus while still in its mother's womb is considered prenatal damage.
      - If the pregnant mother uses drugs or alcohol or is exposed to illnesses or infections, then mental disorders can develop in the fetus.
    - - Infections and exposure to toxins such as HIV and streptococcus cause dementia and OCD, respectively.
      - The infections or toxins trigger a change in the brain chemistry, which can develop into a mental disorder.
      - Poorer general health has been found among individuals with severe mental illnesses, thought to be due to direct and indirect factors including diet, bacterial infections, substance use, exercise levels, effects of medications, socioeconomic disadvantages, lowered help-seeking or treatment adherence, or poorer healthcare provision.
    - - Any damage to the brain can cause a mental disorder such as head trauma and brain tumour.
    - - Dysfunction in serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine and dopamine), and their associated neural networks, are also moderately correlated with certain mental disorders.
  - - - Disruptions to early developmental process can impair a child’s capacities for learning and relating to others with lifelong implications such as mental health.
    - - A personality trait called neuroticism is associated with conditions like major depression, generalized anxiety and other disorders.
      - Neuroticism involves experiencing negative emotions such as fear, sadness, guilt, anger, envy on a regular basis.
      - It seems logical that people with harder to keep their negative emotions might be more prone to developing mental health problems like anxiety and depression.
    - - Parenting behaviours, such as overprotection, that serve to accommodate or enhance avoidant strategies are likely to impact on the maintenance and development of anxiety disorders.
      - Parents who criticise and minimise the child’s feelings, undermine the child’s emotion regulation and increase their sensitivity to emotional health problems such as anxiety and depression.
      - An anxious parent may be more likely to model anxious behaviour or may provide threat and avoidant information to their child, increasing the child’s risk of anxiety disorder.
    - - Such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse.
      - Children are much more susceptible to psychological harm from traumatic events than adults.
  - - - The lower the socioeconomic status of an individual the higher the risk of mental illness.
      - Impoverished people are two to three times more likely to develop mental illness than those of a higher economic class.
    - - The burden of disease increases with the duration of unemployment.
      - Long-term unemployed have at least twofold risk of mental illness, particularly depression and anxiety disorders, compared to employed persons.
    - - For example, a society that associates beauty with thinness can be a factor in the development of eating disorders.
    - - Divorced men or women are more likely to be at risk of death, than their married counterparts, because of destructive behaviours.
      - An unexpected divorce can cause feelings of anger, guilt, shame, and resentment that make every day functioning difficult for some people.
      - Intrusive thoughts could also become a problem during a divorce.
    - - Described as parents that lack parenting skills because of mental illness.
      - The sort of dysfunction we are referring to usually occurs when the following is present: neglect, violence, abandonment, shame, lack of consistency, conditional love, and sexuality intolerance.
- - - - Known as person-centered or client-centered counselling, is a humanistic approach that deals with the ways in which individuals perceive themselves consciously, rather than how a counsellor can interpret their unconscious thoughts or ideas.
      - Person-centred counselling can help individuals of all ages, with a range of personal issues.
      - The approach is said to be particularly effective in helping individuals to overcome specific problems such as depression, anxiety, stress and grief, or other mental health concerns.
      - Mental health professionals who utilize this approach strive to create a therapeutic environment that is conformable, non-judgmental, and empathetic.
      - 2 key elements of clients- centered therapy : It's non- directive and it emphasizes unconditional postive regard.
      - According to Cooper, Watson and Hoeldampf (n.d), the effectiveness of person-centered therapy suggested that this approach was effective for individuals experiencing common mental health problems such as depression and anxiety, and may even be helpful to those experiencing more moderate to severe symptoms.
    - - Parents as well as many professionals in the fields of education, mental health, and social services have embraced the fundamentals of this therapy, which suggests that all human issues occur when one or more of five basic psychological needs are not met and that an individual can only control their own behavior.
      - It focuses on current issues affecting a person seeking treatment rather than the issues the person has experienced in the past
      - founded on the principles of choice theory and has developed into a widely recognized form of therapy.
      - It encourages problem solving and is based on the idea that people experience mental distress when their basic psychological needs have not been met.
      - The needs are : power, love and belonging, freedom, fun and survival.
  - - - 3-stage model or framework offered by Egan
      - Useful in helping people solve problems and develop opportunities.
      - Goals of the model are to help people ‘to manage their problems in living more effectively and develop unused opportunities more fully’, and to ‘help people become better at helping themselves in their everyday lives
      - The model seeks to move the person towards action leading to outcomes which they choose and value.
      - The Egan model aims to help the speaker address 3 main questions:
        
        What is going on ?
        
        What do i want instead ?
        
        How might I get to what I want ?
      - Skilled helper also helps their client to transfer newly acquired skills and knowledge to fresh situations.
      - Help them to formulate a plan of action
    - - Is systematic five-stage model for helping clients both to manage problems and also to alter problematic life skills.
      - Dasie Stages :
        Develop the relationship, identify and clarify problem
        Assess problem and redefine in skills terms
        State working goals and plan interventions
        Intervene to develop self-helping skills
        End and consolidate self-helping skills
      - Set of guidelines for helper choices
      - Use of acronym is deliberate to assist beginning helping trainees, anxious about working with clients, to remember the 5 stages.