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GENETIC, REPRODUCTIVE & EMBRYOLOGY, Female Reproductive, DNA STRUCTURE…

- - - - Implantation
    - - Progesterone
      - Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS)
        
        Promote protein formation, Enhance amino acid transfer, Decrease glucose utilised by mother
      - Estrogen
    - - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
    - - Period of Progressive Cervical Dilation
      - Rupture of fetal membrane and lost of amniotic fluid
      - Separation of placenta
        
        3rd Stage
      - Involution of Uterus
      - Positive Feedback Mechanism
        
        Oxytocin
        
        Prostaglandin
        
        Cortisol
    - - Milk secretion
  - - - Primitive Streak
        
        Ectoderm
        
        Skin
        
        Enamel
        
        Neural Plate
        
        Neural Tube
        
        Nervous System
        
        Clinical Condition
        
        Neural Tube Defect (NTDs)
        
        Clinical Condition
        
        Ectodermal Dysplasia
        
        Mesoderm
        
        Paraxial Mesoderm
        
        Axial Skeleton, Muscle
        
        Intermediate Mesoderm
        
        Urogenital System
        
        Lateral Plate Mesoderm
        
        Muscle, Connective Tissue
        
        Clinical Condition
        
        Caudal Genesis
        
        Endoderm
        
        Epithelial Lining of gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, urethra and reproductive system
      - Clinical Condition
        
        Teratogenesis
        
        Tumor
  - - - Female
        
        Ischiocavernous muscle
        
        Bulbospongious
        
        Urogenital diaphragm
        
        External urethral sphinter
        
        Deep transverse perineal
        
        Gluteus maximus
      - Male
        
        Levator ani
        
        Ischiocavernous mucle
        
        Transverse perineal muscle
        
        Bulbocavernous muscle
        
        Gluteus maximus
- - - - Salvage pathway
        
        Uridine-cytidine kinase
        
        Deoxythimidine kinase
        
        Deoxycytidine kinase
      - De novo pathway
        
        2ATP + CO2 + Glutamine
        
        Carbamoyl phosphate
        
        Carbamoyl aspartate
        
        Dihydroorotate
        
        Orotate
        
        1 more item...
        
        Defect in UMP Synthase
        
        Orotic Aciduria
        
        Treated with uridine / cytidine
    - - β-alanine
      - β-aminobutyrate
      - CO2
      - NH3
    - - Uracil
      - Thymine
      - Cytosine
  - - - made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around histones
    - - CHROMATIN
        
        long DNA molecule
        
        contain thousands of genes
      - HISTONES
        
        wrap DNA around the histone
        
        maintain the structure of the chromosome
    - - MITOSIS
        
        growth, repair, asexual production
      - MEIOSIS
        
        sexual reproduction & production of new gene combinations
  - - - MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
      - RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)
      - TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
    - - mRNA : carry the coding sequence for protein synthesis
      - tRNA: decode messenger RNA sequence into amino acids
      - rRNA : ensure proper allignment of mRNA, tRNA & rRNA for protein synthesis
  - - - De novo pathway
        
        PRPP
        
        5- phosphoribosyl-1-amine
        
        IMP
        
        Adenylosuccinate
        
        AMP
        
        1 more item...
        
        Xanthylate
        
        GMP
        
        1 more item...
      - Salvage pathway
        
        HGPRT
        
        Deficiency
        
        Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
        
        leads to excess uric acid in blood
        
        Hypoxanthine --> IMP
        
        Guanine --> GMP
        
        APRT
        
        Adenine --> AMP
    - - Adenine
      - Guanine
      - Xanthine
      - Hypoxanthine
    - - Uric acid
        
        Inhibited by allopurinol
        
        hyperuricemia causes gout
  - - - DNA synthesis using an original DNA template
      - Semi conservative for DNA and conservative for histone
    - - Substrate dNTPs
      - DNA template
      - RNA primer
      - SSB protein
      - Enzymes
        
        Topoisomerase
        
        Helicase
        
        Primase
        
        DNA polymerase I , II, III
        
        Ligase
    - - Initiation
      - Elongation
      - Termination
  - - - Spontaenous
      - Induced
    - - Exogenous
        
        Physical mutagens ( UV radiation)
        
        Ionizing radiation (X-rays)
        
        Chemical mutagens ( nitrogen mustard compound )
      - Endogenous
        
        Depurination& depyrimidination
        
        Deamination
        
        DNA methylation
    - - Photoreactivation
      - Excision repair
      - Direct repair
      - Mismatch repair
      - Repair of DS DNA breaks
- - - - HORMONES
        
        Hormone regulation
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        GnRH
        
        Anterior pituitary
        
        FSH
        
        1 more item...
        
        LH
        
        1 more item...
        
        LH
        
        stimulates production of testosterone
        
        FSH
        
        stimulates spermatogenesis
        
        Testosterone
        
        responsible for body changes at puberty
        
        assists in stimulating the formation and the development of the sperm
        
        secreted by Leydig cells
        
        GnRH
        
        stimulates secretion of LH & FSH
      - TESTES
        
        Sertoli Cell
        
        secrete inhibin
        
        contain FSH receptor
        
        secrete ABP
        
        Leydig Cell
        
        contain LH receptor
        
        Seminiferous tubule
        
        Spermatogenesis
        
        Spermiogenesis
        
        Spermatids
        
        Spermatozoa
        
        5 more items...
      - SEX ORGAN
        
        Urethra
        
        tube that conducts urine and semen at different times.
        
        Seminal vesicle
        
        contains prostaglandins to stimulates contraction of the uterus that helps move sperm up the female reproductive tract
        
        contain fructose for energy for sperm
        
        Penis
        
        deliver sperm to vagina for fertilization
        
        Ejaculatory duct
        
        joins vas deferens to urethra
        
        Prostate gland
        
        contain alkaline fluid to neutralize pH during ejaculation
        
        Bulbourethral gland
        
        lubricates the penis to facilitate penetration into the vagina
        
        cleanses the urethra of traces of acidic urine
        
        Testis
        
        site of hormone production by the Leydig cell
        
        producing sperm cells by the seminiferous tubules.
        
        Vas deferens
        
        carries sperm into pelvic cavity
        
        Epididymis
        
        sperm mature here and gain motility
        
        temporary storage site for immature sperm
        
        Scrotum
        
        maintain tetes temperature at ~2 °C
      - ABNORMALITIES
        
        Testicular Function
        
        Eunuchoidism
        
        Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
        
        Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism
        
        Cryptochridism
        
        Androgen-secreting tumours
        
        Sperm
        
        Count
        
        abnormal < 20%
        
        normal 100million/mL
        
        Motality
        
        Morphology
- - - - Follicles grow to produce granulosa cells
        
        to produce E
- - - - Milk ejection
- - - - Secretion by alveolar epithelial cells