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Week 3: Groupness & Violence, (Brewer, 2001), (Stathis Kalyvas, 2006),…
Week 3: Groupness & Violence
VIOLENCE
Communicative
Message to an audience
Meant to be seen
Performative
"Coded as having been meaningfully oriented to the different ethnicity of the target"
Ethnic violence
Hard to study directly
Interpretation 'after the fact'
Demystify other narratives
Results may be used as narrative in the future
The operational approach
The cognitive appoach
The experiential approach
POWER
Boundary Making
Analtytical approaches
Elite theory
Top-down
"in the name of the group"
Command structures
'Leader-led'
Elite driven struggles for power
Why do people follow?
Fear
Repression
Propaganda
Enemy construction
People are submissive consumers
Political strategy
Violent incident is staged by 'specialists'
Creates solidarity, groupness
Ethnic/religious 'groupness' is the
result
of violence
Violence is the key to create support groups
Coercion
Alliance theory
Civilians follow their own agenda
they often manipulate elites to settle their own conflict
Violence is only possible through alliances
Alliance = transaction between national leaderships and local actors
Violence is multi-functional
Power is shaped by various relations and agenda's
Relational
Discursive approach
Boundaries are constructed by narratives
Narratives are the product of social interaction
The (ethnic) group is a discourse community
4 stages leading up to violence
Conflict
Confrontation
Legitimation
War
Violent imaginaries
Narratives
Performances
Inscriptions
Elements
Us/them structure
'Principle of totality'
Survival of all members
Cause is not affected by outcome
Complete victory or total defeat
Controlling the interpretation of violence
Ability to make others inhabit your story of their reality
(Brewer, 2001)
(Stathis Kalyvas, 2006)
(Schröder & Smith, 2001)
(Brubaker & Laitin, 1998)