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d (recom of cag and pk mishra committee, v wrt various hazards in india,…

- - - - may-june
      - oct-nov
      - called bymodal character of cyclones
- - - - focus: technology up-gradation and deployment
        
        forecasting and warning using latest technology
        
        information as a tool for dm
  - - - d is exceptional event - hence not generally expected to happen
      - so no special planning and preparedness - hence no pre d approach
      - only when d occurred measures were taken - hence only post d approach - rescue, relief and rehabilitation
    - - pre d approach
        
        why included?
        
        hazardous events are natural cyclic regular events
        
        they turn hazardous due to our inefficient preparation to handle them
        
        includes
        
        risk assessment
        
        preparedness measures
        
        preventive measures - DRR integrated with dev approach
      - post d approach
        
        response
        
        rescue/evacuation
        
        relief
        
        recovery
        
        rehabilitation
        
        reconstruction
        
        'build back better' mechanism
        
        recovering to a better situation than the one before the d
        
        to ensure that a similar event will be less disastrous
        
        d gives opportunity for destructive construction - i.e, build back better as they expose our weaknesses
      - focuses on pre and post d in a cyclic manner such that post d of one event graduates into pre d for next event integrating developmental aspect
      - hence its a progressive, developmental and comprehensive approach
  - - - reducing risk
    - - providing required assistance to communities during and after d
    - - ensuring rapid and sustained recovery - from post d situation to better pre d position by build back better and dev approach
- - - - by Goi,IA - NDMA
      - aim - to undertake suitable
        
        structural measures
        
        non structural measures
        
        to mitigate effects of cyclone in coastal states and UTs
      - identified 13 cyclone prone states and UT
      - objective to be achieved via measures
        
        objective - to reduce vulnerability of coastal communities to cyclone and other hydro meterological hazards
        
        improved early warning dissemmiantion system
        
        enhanced capacity of local communities to respond to distasters
        
        improved access to emergnecy shelter, evacuaiton
        
        protection against wind storms , flooding and storm surge in higer areas
    - - set of capacities needed to genereate and dissemeninate timely and meaningful warning info of possible extreme events or disasters that threaten people's lives
      - prpose
        
        to enable ind, communities, and org threatened to prepare and act appropriately and in suffiicent time to reduce possibility of harm , loss or risk
      - integration of 4 main elements
        
        Risk knowledge
        
        Monitoring and predciton
        
        Disseminatiing info
        
        coomunication systems needed for deliveirng, relaible, synthetic and simple warning messages to potentially affcted locations - to alert local and regional govtal aganeicies
        
        Response
        
        coordination, good governance and appropriate action plans
- - - - comprehensive national risk assessment
      - DRR plan at national and local levels
      - focus - warning systems at global, regional, national and local levels
  - - - risk assessment
      - DRR, focus on
        
        effective early warning systems and early warning
        
        local participation necessary for preventive measures
        
        capacity dev
      - DRR to be integrated with dev process approach - focus on
        
        env protection, sustainable dev and poverty alleviation
        
        proper design and dev patterns can reduce v of target groups
      - international community to share technology
      - primary responsibility lies with the country- international community can only supplement efforts
  - - - assessment
        
        understanding d risks dimensions (identification, assessment and monitor)
      - strengthen d preparedness - focus: early warning systems
      - prevention
        
        use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience
        
        reduce underlying risk factors eg: poverty etc
        
        drr as national priority with strong institutional framework for implementation
  - - - pre d - d risk
        
        assessment
        
        understanding its dimensions
        
        prevention
        
        strengthening d risk governance - eg reducing organisational v, involving all stakeholders
        
        investing in drr - diasadter risk reduction
        
        focus: preparedness
      - post d
        
        build back better approach
    - - substantially reduce d
        
        global mortality
        
        affected people globally
        
        damage to critical infra and basic services
        
        economic loss as a % of global gdp
      - substantially increase
        
        no. of countries with drr strategies by 2020, all other target by 2030
        
        enhance international cooperation to developing countries
        
        sub increase availability of multi hazard early waning systems and d risk info systems
- - - - degradation - due to/how
        
        primary activities
        
        poor land use
        
        deforestation
        
        over cultivation
        
        over grazing
        
        secondary activities / industrialisation
        
        unsustainable mining
        
        not locating industry in most suitable place
        
        accumulation of large popn at one place
        
        blind adherence to cultural practices
        
        over pollution during diwali
        
        disposal of idols, bones, religious things in rivers
        
        using wood in cultural practices
    - - unplanned unbarnisation - without necessary safeguards
      - poor/improvised conditions - lack of access to resouces
        
        urban poor, urban labour
    - - damage to life, property and env
      - workforce may not be willing to work in areas affected by violence
  - - - lacking financial resource to arrange material resources
    - - lacking material resources despite having financial resources - eg: people stuck in kedarnath flash floods
      - created by severe or unexpected hazards
    - - weakness of society to organise itself against hazard
      - sacrificing common good at expense of individual good - looting of deserted area shops after earthquake
      - creates trust deficit
    - - degradation of env / ecology lacking ability to reduce/mitigate effects of hazard or absorb the shock - eg: deforestation
    - - weakness of organisation/administration to perform its stipulated/designated task esp during hazardous event - eg: loss of communication in hazardous event affecting admin
    - - lack of awareness of probable hazards and course of action to be followed if hazardous event occurs
    - - despite awareness, there is lack of motivation to apply actions to mitigate probable hazards
    - - lack of representation in making decisions to overcome other vulnerabilities
    - - practices increasing other vulnerabilities
    - - v of individual and infra wrt their strength to overcome hazardous events - weak structures, obesity in urban kids etc
- - - - CC meet
        
        CCMNC(cc on management of natural calamity) for natural d
        
        CCS(cc on security) for manmade d
      - both are adhoc and not standing committees
      - at state level, CM with ministries involved made plans
    - - NCMC(national crisis management committee)
      - headed by cabinet secretary
      - involving secretaries of the ministries involved in the above CCs
      - will coordinate at national, state and district level
    - - no pre d approach
      - all above mechanisms involves committees only - don't have permanent offices and funds
  - - - MHA - nodal ministry, has DM cell
      - NDMA
        
        national d management authority - nodal agency of DM
        
        political and experts decision making body
        
        PM (head) and full time members expert on DM
        
        lay down DM policies and ensure timely and effective response mechanism
      - NEC
        
        national executive committe
        
        administrative body to implement and review decisions of NDMA
        
        chaired by home secretary
      - NDRF
        
        national d response force
        
        to be deployed in field by central govt
      - NIDM
        
        national institute of DM
        
        provide training, research and support to NDMA
      - 2 funds created
        
        pre d
        
        NDMF - mitigation fund
        
        post d
        
        NDRF - response fund - part of Public Account of India
        
        national finance commission will recommend money
    - - similar structure as centre
      - SDMA, SEC, SDRF - force, SDMFund(75% contribution from Centre for general states and 90% for HIm and NE states) and SDRFund
      - no SIDM, NIDM enough
    - - DDMA - headed by District collector(dc)
      - no DEC, DC will do admin
    - - manage disasters
      - capacity building
      - mitigation strategies
  - - - strength (only 1148 personnel in every battalion earlier 8 upgraded to 12 now)
      - infrastructure - for proper training
    - - state lack SDMA and sec, not having SDRF at all, no proper coordination with NIDM
      - similarl at district level
    - - limited focus on preventive measures (more focus to preparedness)
      - NDMF not created - govt's view: pre d work is mostly dev work for which there are already many programs and schemes running...hence there is no need of special mitigation fund...rather integrating dev work with mitigation techniques is to be done
    - - limited focus on recovery(more focus on response)
      - left to states - jeopardy
- - - - systematic dev and application of policies, practices and strategies (pps)
      - aimed at minimising v and hazards and increasing capacity
      - integrating sustainable development
    - - preparedness
        
        meaning
        
        measures taken by stakeholders pre d
        
        to respond rapidly to d situation
        
        aimed at enhancing immediate capacity
        
        includes
        
        emergency plans - rescue and relief measures
        
        warning systems
        
        maintaining inventories
        
        personnel training
        
        evacuation exercises
        
        relief shelters
      - prevention/mitigation
        
        long term approach component of DRR - ie. works aimed at reducing v and hazards and increasing capacity
- - - - in 2019
        
        50 lakh internal displacement - highest in world
        
        flooding by SW monsoon - 26 lakhs
        
        cyclones
        
        fani - 18 lakh
        
        others - fani, bulbul
        
        drought conditions in 19 states - 63000
- - - - physical - restoration/reconstruction of infra
      - economic - ensuring livelihoods
      - social - social & psychological well being
- - - - life
      - property, and
      - environment
  - - - biological
        
        due to exposure to germs, poisonous substance, diseases
        
        micro-org epidemic
        
        parasitic
        
        virus
        
        bacteria
        
        fungal
        
        insects
        
        dengue, malaria, chicken guinea
        
        animals
        
        animal stampede
      - geophysical
        
        endogenic
        
        faulting
        
        volcanic eruptions
        
        earth quakes
        
        tsunami
        
        exogenic
        
        mass movements
        
        earth flow
        
        avalanche
        
        landslides
        
        debris
        
        mud flow
      - hydrological
        
        floods
        
        storm surge
        
        wave actions
        
        water saturated land movement - landslide due to rains
      - atmospheric
        
        short term - weather related - called meteorological
        
        dust/sand storms
        
        tornado
        
        lighting
        
        cloud bursts
        
        vortex
        
        cyclones
        
        heat and cold waves
        
        snowfalls
        
        long term - climate related - called climatological
        
        draughts
        
        forest fires
        
        glacial melts
        
        glacial lake outburst flood
      - these are included in national DM plan 2016
    - - chemical
      - biological
      - radiatio/radiological
      - nuclear