Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapter 23: Seed Plants II: Angiosperms, Cross Connection: Eudicots…

- - - - Also called Angiospermophyta
  - - - Adept at fighting other plants and animals
      - Having flowers
      - Mutual beneficial interactions with animals
    - - Sporophylls into stamens amd carpels
      - Angiosperm carpels
        
        Edges of sporophyll primordia crowd together and grow shut
        
        Can form a closed carpel
        
        Develop into fruit
        
        Enclose embryos as they develop into seeds
      - Double fertilization
        
        Second sperm cell of pollen tube fuses with polar nuclei of megagametophte
        
        produces an endosperm nucleus
        
        Universal in flowering plants
      - Evolution of vessel elements and sieve tubes
        
        Vessel Elements
        
        Primitively vesselless
        
        Lacked vessels because ancestors lacked them
        
        Hypothesis that only Amborella is in this group
        
        Secondarily vesselless
        
        Arose after vessels had originated but lost them
        
        Looks like primative
      - Leaves
        
        Became broader
        
        Developed reticulate ventation
        
        Became more polymorphic
      - Other derived characters
        
        Pistil
        
        carpels fuse to form single structure
        
        Sympetally
        
        fusion of petals into a single structure
        
        Zygomorphy
        
        Bilaterally symmetrical instead of radial
- - - - It has all parts
      - Parts are arranged spirally
      - Carpels occur in superior position
- - - - Only have one cotyledon on each embryo
      - Leaves usually have parallel veins because they are elongate and strap shaped
      - Vascular bundles distributed throughout the stem
      - Never have ordinary second growth and wood
      - Flowers have parts arranged in groups or multiples of three
    - - Much more diverse
      - Have two cotyledons and reticulate venation in the leaves
      - Vascular bundles occur only in one ring in the stem
      - Can be woody, herbaceous, or succulent or have any of many highly modified forms
      - Flower parts occur in sets of fives, fours, or rarely threes
- - - - Vitales
      - Geraniales
    - - Fabids
        
        AKA eurosids I
      - Malvids
        
        AKA eurosids II
  - - - Always have few stamens, not more than number of petal lobes
      - Stamens alternate with petals
      - Sympetalous flowers
    - - This group lacks
        
        Betalains
        
        Benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids
        
        Ellagic acid
        
        Proanthocyanins
      - This group has
        
        Iridoid compounds in many
        
        Very potent chemicals in some
    - - Cornales
      - Ericales
    - - Iamiids
        
        AKA euasterids I
      - Campanulids
        
        AKA euasterids II
  - - - Ancestral group may have lacked petals
        
        Common in many Caryophyllales
        
        What looks like petals are modified stamens and sepals
      - Endosperm develops a little then fails to continue growth
        
        Instead nucleus cells proliferate
        
        Protective tissue called perisperm is formed
      - Phloem plastids contain deposits of fibrous protein
        
        This is located as a ring
        
        Just interior to plastid membrane
      - Most are herbacious with
        
        No wood
        
        Little wood
        
        Unusual anomalous wood
      - Originated in southern Gondwana
    - - Small order of highly modified plants
      - Most are parasitic
        
        Some are hemiparasitic
        
        Some are holoparasitic
      - None occur in temperate North America
- - - - Contains the palms
      - Solitary trunk
      - Scattered vascular bundles
      - All have simple leaves that are torn by wind to form a pinnate or palmate pattern
    - - Contains
        
        Many foods and building materials of the tropics
        
        Grasses
        
        Shoot apical meristems tend to be located near the ground
        
        Wind pollenated
        
        Sepals and petals reduced to bristle like structures
        
        Three carpels fused together
        
        In most the three stigmas remain seperate
        
        Just one ovule in ovary
        
        Ovule matures into seed whose seed coat fuses firmly to developing fruit wall
        
        Cattails
        
        Grow in ponds and marshy areas
        
        Plant grows by thick horizontal subterranean rhizomes
        
        Reproductive structures consist of tip with many carpellate and staminate flowers
        
        Bromeliads
        
        Occur only in the Americas
        
        Some species epiphytic and others are terrestrial, usually xerophytic
        
        Sedges
        
        Plants of wet, marshy areas
        
        Tiny reduced flowers
        
        Small dry fruits
        
        Stems triangular in cross-section
    - - Contains familiar house plants
      - Tend to have large showy flowers pollenated by insects, birds, or bats
      - Many flowers have derived features
        
        Adjacent sepals often fused together forming a tube
        
        Petals are also often fused together
        
        Many are bilaterally symmetrical
        
        Very often the gynoecium is inferior
  - - - Some large and showy
      - Some do not emerge from water
  - - - Carpels fuse side by side starting at their base
        
        Fused sides called septa
        
        Do not fuse all the way to the style
        
        Open areas secrete nectar, these are called septal nectaries
- - - - Only one species in clade (Amborella trichopoda)
      - Small trees
      - Wood contains tracheids but no vessels and little parenchyma
      - Dioecious
      - Staminate flowers have numerous stamens
      - Carpellate flowers have 5 or 6 carpels with interlocking secretory hairs that act as stigma
    - - Water lillies
      - Small and soft bodied
      - Vascular bundles scattered
      - Completely lack wood
      - Stems must be submerged underwater
      - Exposure to land conditions would kill them
      - Flowers pollenated by animals
    - - Contain woody trees with bisexual flowers
      - Stamen and carpels similar to Amborella
  - - - This is called uniaperturate
      - Occurs in all other basal angiosperms and monocots