TUBERCULOSIS
DEFINITION
IS a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affect your lungs which is caused by Myobacterium.
CAUSES
It is contagious and more likely to get it from someone you live or work with
This can happen when someone with the untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, laughs or sings.
People with HIV are more likely to get tuberculosis since their immune system is suppressed
Caused by bacteria that spread from person to person though microscopic droplets released into the air
It is also difficult to treat the drug resistance tuberculosis
RISK FACTORS
end-stage kidney disease
Certain cancer
Diabetes
Cancer treatment such as chemotherapy
HIV and AIDS
Very young or advanced age
Malnutrition
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Sputum tests
Imaging tests
Blood tests
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Rifampin
Ethambutol
Isoniazid
pyrazinamide
Nursing management
Delamanid
Linezolid
encourage the patient to take medication on time as Doctor's prescription
Tell the patient to cover the mouth when coughing
Should be away from other people more especially the first days of treatment
The room should be ventilated
Ensure that the patient stay at home or in isolation
Patient should wear a mask always
NURSING CARE PLAN
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
EVALUATION
NURSING INTERVENTION
Place patient in the semi-fowler's position
Assist the patient with coughing and deep-breathing exercises
risk for impaired gas exchange
deficient knowledge
ineffective airways clearance
Risk for infection
Good gaseous exchange is achieved
No any infection is present
ensuring that the nutrition is balanced
There patient is having knowledge about the disorder
Monitor temperature as indicated
Encourage abstaining from smoking
Instruct patient to cough or sneeze and expectorate in tissue
Encourage small, frequent meals with high protein and carbohydrates
Identify the symptoms that should be reported to healthcare provider
Imbalance nutrition
Assess for dyspnea, tachypnea, abnormal or diminished breath sounds
Patent airways clearance
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The bacteria are transmitted through the airways to the alveoli and transported via the lymph system and blood
The body immune system responds by initiating an inflammatory reaction
It begins when a susceptible person inhales mycobacteria and becomes infected
Granulomas new tissue masses of live and dead bacilli, ate surrounded by macrophages, which form a protective wall
They are then transformed to a fibrous tissue mass, the central point of which is called Ghon tubercle
The bacteria and the macrophages turns into a cheesy mass that may become calcified and form a collagenous scar
At this point , the bacteria become dormant, and there is no further progression of active disease
After initial of exposure and infection, active disease may develop because of the compromised immune system response.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Chest pains
Loss of appetite
Hemoptysis
Chills
Cough
Coughing up blood
Fatigue , weight loss, low-grade fever and night sweats
REFERENCES
Bare,B.G. Hinkle (2010)., Brunner and Suddarth's texbook of medical surgical nursing (12th ed )