TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis-patient

DEFINITION

IS a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affect your lungs which is caused by Myobacterium.

CAUSES

It is contagious and more likely to get it from someone you live or work with

This can happen when someone with the untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, laughs or sings.

People with HIV are more likely to get tuberculosis since their immune system is suppressed

Caused by bacteria that spread from person to person though microscopic droplets released into the air

It is also difficult to treat the drug resistance tuberculosis

RISK FACTORS

end-stage kidney disease

Certain cancer

Diabetes

Cancer treatment such as chemotherapy

HIV and AIDS

Very young or advanced age

Malnutrition

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Sputum tests

Imaging tests

Blood tests

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Rifampin

Ethambutol

Isoniazid

pyrazinamide

Nursing management

Delamanid

Linezolid

encourage the patient to take medication on time as Doctor's prescription

Tell the patient to cover the mouth when coughing

Should be away from other people more especially the first days of treatment

The room should be ventilated

Ensure that the patient stay at home or in isolation

Patient should wear a mask always

NURSING CARE PLAN

NURSING DIAGNOSIS

EVALUATION

NURSING INTERVENTION

Place patient in the semi-fowler's position

Assist the patient with coughing and deep-breathing exercises

risk for impaired gas exchange

deficient knowledge

ineffective airways clearance

Risk for infection

Good gaseous exchange is achieved

No any infection is present

ensuring that the nutrition is balanced

There patient is having knowledge about the disorder

Monitor temperature as indicated

Encourage abstaining from smoking

Instruct patient to cough or sneeze and expectorate in tissue

Encourage small, frequent meals with high protein and carbohydrates

Identify the symptoms that should be reported to healthcare provider

Imbalance nutrition

Assess for dyspnea, tachypnea, abnormal or diminished breath sounds

Patent airways clearance

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

The bacteria are transmitted through the airways to the alveoli and transported via the lymph system and blood

The body immune system responds by initiating an inflammatory reaction

It begins when a susceptible person inhales mycobacteria and becomes infected

Granulomas new tissue masses of live and dead bacilli, ate surrounded by macrophages, which form a protective wall

They are then transformed to a fibrous tissue mass, the central point of which is called Ghon tubercle

The bacteria and the macrophages turns into a cheesy mass that may become calcified and form a collagenous scar

At this point , the bacteria become dormant, and there is no further progression of active disease

After initial of exposure and infection, active disease may develop because of the compromised immune system response.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Chest pains

Loss of appetite

Hemoptysis

Chills

Cough

Coughing up blood

Fatigue , weight loss, low-grade fever and night sweats

REFERENCES

Bare,B.G. Hinkle (2010)., Brunner and Suddarth's texbook of medical surgical nursing (12th ed )