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North Berwick - Coggle Diagram
North Berwick
Earl of Bothwell
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Sampson confessed Bothwell asked her to say how long James will live - said he encouraged to send her a familiar to kill the King
In July 1593 Bothwell and associates entered James chamber - James tried to go to the Queen's chamber but this was locked - fear in magic
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December 1591 - he attacked Holyrood Palace after hiding, James could not capture Bothwell
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April 1592 - James tried to pursue him after hearing he was in Dundee - Privy Council found him guilty of witchcraft
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July 1593 - entered Holyrood Palace and plead to James who was convinced of his innocence - Bothwell received a pardon in August
Bothwell had an upper hand in his trial as he persuaded James of his innocence - filled Edinburgh with supporters
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James withdrew his pardon the next month - proclaimed Bothwell will go into exile and is forbidden from seeing the King
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James proclaimed that Bothwell was guilty of treason in 1595 - Bothwell departed to Europe and died in Naples in 1612 in poverty
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Role of James
Newes from Scotland presented James as a protestant who was concerned with defending his people from the same threats faced by the English
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James acted as a guide for further witch-hunts in Scotland - showed king agreed that witches should be eliminated
He promoted the idea that witches worshipped the Devil and had a belief in the divine right og kings
His passion came from Barbara Napier who was acquitted - James arranged for the jurors to be tried themselves for their error
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Torture could be used if it was sanctioned by the Privy council but James involvement meant it was widely used
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He grew up in a charged religious environment - his mum was Catholic but his tutor was were Calvinist and the coutry was divided
His childhood was a crisis - Darnley was murdered when he was 8 and Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned
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John Fian
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His head was twisted with rope, needles driven under fingernails and was placed in the boots
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Giving devil kiss of shame, flying, chasing cats to use in charms etc.
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Impact of confessions, trials and exeuctions
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Effie McCalyan - burnt alive in June 1951 - she was strangled first - said sh e was innocent before execution
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Micheal Clark - mentioned in Fian's confession as someone present at coven meetings at North Berwick Kirk
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Some of the accused fled to England - Seaton was instructed byJames to recapture them - 1 was captured who confessed more names
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Agnus Sampson
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James was interested after she confessed for being responsible for the storms after the torture methods used
She accused Barbra Napier - friend of Bothwell, Richard Graham - royal carrier and Effie McCalyan - daughter of Lord Cliftonhall
She was accused of healing the sick, sailing in the sea in a sieve, calling the devil in a dog named Elva
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witch's bridle was used, cords and was sleep deprived
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James VI's voyage
He met with Niels Hemmingsen where he discussed Calvinism and met courtiers who had strong belief in group witch trials
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Each time her fleet was driven back from storms - Munk may have been concerned with negligence and used witchcraft
Hemmingsmen have have impact James as he was well respected and had written books like Avoiding Magic and Superstition in 1575
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Context of North Berwick
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Scotland was relatively poor - was thought the Devil would offer eternal riches which contrasted with the Christian Church of rewards in afterlife
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