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RENAL FAILURE yaya2 - Coggle Diagram
RENAL FAILURE
DEFINITION
Results in metabolic waste retention.
Electrolyte imbalance occurs.
Intensifying, irreparable dysfunction of nephrons.
Referred to as end-stage renal disease.
CAUSES
Intrarenal causes
Acute tubular necrosis
Acute interstitial nephritis
Intratubular obstruction
Glomerulonephritis
Postrenal causes
Obstruction due to cervical cancer
Obstruction due to renal stones
Obstruction due to trauma blood clots
Prerenal causes
Impaired recurring cardiac function
Peripheral vasodilation due to sepsis
Hemorrhage
Gastrointestinal dysfunction
Antihypertensives
Sickle cell disease
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Abuse of analgesic medication
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Serum creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen levels rise
Anaemia followed by polyuria occurs
75%-90% of nephrons lose their function.
Kidneys lose their functioning ability
Renal failure symptoms surface
Uraemia, proteinuria and hypertension occurs
40-75% of nephrons lose their function
End-stage renal failure results.
Waste products become excessive in the body
Renal function diminishes
Acute renal failure complicates
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Musculoskeletal
Dry and pale skin
Decreased muscle strength
Bone pain
Central nervous system
Seizures
Decreased level of consciousness
Confusion
Respiratory
Cough reflex
Dyspnoea
High breathing rate
Reproductive symptoms
Hyperglycemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypothyroidism
Cardiovascular
Distended neck veins
Electrolyte imbalances
Oedematous feet ad hands
Gastrointestinal
Loss of appetite
Diarrhoea or constipation
Gingivitis
DIET
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet
Reduce levels of fluid intake
Reduce potassium intake
Limit calcium and phosphorus
Diet less in sodium
HEALTH EDUCATION
Avoiding alcoholic beverages
Constant monitoring of urine output
Strict diet to be monitored and maintained
Maintenance of perineal care and hygiene
Ptient is to report any related symptoms
Offer information on dialysis
Reasoning behind prescribed medication in relation to the age
Refer patient to a nephrologist
Give possible drug therapy options
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Computerized tomography to detect renal dysfunction
Intravenous pyelogram
Kidney X-ray for kidney review
Renal biopsy
Blood tests for BUN and creatinine levels
