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THE EARLY MODERN AGE, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - Renaissance artists studied the elements of a scene and arranged them symmetrically, in an order that guided the view of the observer. They often used a pyramidal composition
    - - painters and sculptors tried to reflect reality
      - influenced by the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato, they aimed to portray an ideal beauty. This idealism can be seen in the perfect faces and bodies depicted by artists like Leonardo da Vinci (whose work Mona Lisa has become one most famous portraits of feminine beauty
    - - the Italian painters and sculptors were interested in the anatomy of the human body. They revived the nude as a subject, which had been abandoned in the Middle Ages
  - - - frescoes on walls and tempera on wooden panels
      - eventually the new oil technique was adopted (consisting of mixing oil with mineral pigments) and used to paint on cloth canvasses.
    - - more expensive materials like marble were used more frequently
      - Reliefs were replaced by freestanding sculptures (three dimensional representations), which could be contemplated from all angles.
  - - - substituted the gold backgrounds of the Gothic artists and became the defining feature of all compositions.
    - - were painted due to the increase in demand from nobles, clergy and the upper bourgeoisie
    - - In addition to themes related to Christianity, mythological themes were adopted
- - - - Joachim Patinir
        
        specialised in landscapes
      - Jan Van Eyck,
        
        produced very realistic portraits
      - Rogier van der Weyden
        
        developed the painting of religious themes
      - Peter Brueghel the Elder
        
        the Elder produced works containing landscapes, realistic scenes from everyday life and popular customs
  - - - Albrecht Durer
        
        had a powerful influence on other artists of the time and was a master of the woodcutting technique
        
        In this technique, the drawing is done on wood and the outlines of the drawing are carved out to create a relief
      - Matthias Grunewald
        
        specialised in religious themes
  - - - Arches
      - And more
      - Columns
- - - - A renewed interest in classical culture
        
        Classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy became the point of reference for intellectual and artistic activity.
      - Anthropocentrism
        
        Human beings became the centre of philosophical reflection and artistic creation. Although the humanists continued to be Christians, they abandoned theocentrism of the Middle Ages
      - Optimism and creativity
        
        Religious beliefs that caused fear were replaced by the belief in a better life in this world. Creativity was oriented towards obtaining better techniques,
      - The desire for knowledge
        
        The humanists possessed a great intellectual curiosity. They did not limit their knowledge to one special area
      - Critical thinking
        
        knowledge was based on tradition, the great scholars or sacred texts.
        
        Humanism questioned all this previous knowledge and tried to explain natural phenomena through:
        
        Extensive studies
        
        research
        
        Preactical demostrations
        
        experimentation
        
        Individual reflection
        
        reason
      - The use of vernacular languages:
        
        Most books were written in Latin. The humanists started to write their works in languages spoken in their countries
        
        Dante
        
        Divine Comedy
        
        Boccaccio
        
        the Decameron
        
        Petrarch
        
        Canzoniere
  - - - The invention of the movable-type printing press by Gutenberg:
        
        enabled a large number of books to be printed
        
        the first book was printed on his invention in 1455,
        
        a bible
      - The creation of cultural institutions
        
        following the example of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, science and arts academies were founded
        
        Most important
        
        Florence
        
        Rome
        
        Naples
        
        The new humanist philosophy was also spread from many universities such as those in Rome, Bologna and Padua
    - - the astronomer Copernicus proposed a revolutionary theory
        
        heliocentric hypothesis
        
        the Earth revolved around the Sun and not vice versa, as was commonly believed at this time.
      - also made discoveries about the human body thanks to the anatomical studies of the physician Andreas Vesalius and other humanists.
- - - - The most important painters are the Florentines Bronzino and Pontormo and the Venetians Tintoretto and Veronese, and the sculptors Cellini and Giambologna.
    - - Rome became the artistic centre. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael Sanzio belong to this phase.
    - - The most important architects are Brunelleschi and Alberti; the most important sculptors are Ghiberti and Donatello; and the most important painters are Masaccio, Fra Angelico and Botticelli.
    - - the early features of the Renaissance appear. The first artist was Giotto.
  - - - Columns
        
        columns with classical capitals and entablatures
      - Semi-circular arches and coffered ceiling
        
        (such as those in the church of San Lorenzo in Florence, by Brunelleschi
      - Domes
        
        the most notable examples are Florence Cathedral (by Brunelleschi) and Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome (by Michelangelo).
      - Triangular pediments, friezes, geometric designs and scrolls
        
        an example is the façade of the Basilica Santa Maria Novella
      - Longitudinal and central-plan
        
        the Tempietto di San Pietro, by Bramante is a notable example of a circular plan; Villa La Rotonda, by Andrea Palladio, is an example of a square plan; and Saint Peter's Basilica, by Bramante, is in the shape of a Greek cross.
    - - During the Renaissance, civil architecture became more important due to the increased wealth of the bourgeoisie.
      - The best examples of this new architectural style can be found in Italian cities.
        
        Town halls.
        
        Squares
        
        an important example is the Piazza del Campidoglio by Michelangelo
        
        Urban palaces
        
        in Florence, the most notable ones are the Palazzo Pitti (Brunelleschi), the Palazzo Medici (Michelozzo di Bartolomeo) and the Plazzo Rucellai (Leon Batista Alberti).
        
        Theatres
        
        for example the Teatro Olimpico, Venice, by Andrea Palladio.
        
        Hospitals
        
        the most notable one is the Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence, by Brunelleschi.
        
        Libraries
        
        the most notable one is the Laurentian Library, Florence, by Michelangelo.
        
        Rural villas
        
        like the Villa La Rotonda by Andrea Palladio.
        
        Methods
        
        Simplicity
        
        they did not use many decorative features.
        
        Proportion
        
        the buildings are symmetrical and the different parts are evenly distributed. They were not as tall as Gothic buildings in order to maintain harmony between the horizontal and vertical elements.
        
        Open
        
        diaphanous spaces, which can be seen in public squares.