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Parenting and development - Coggle Diagram
Parenting and development
Parenting styles
Maccoby and Martin (1983) - Two-dimensional framework
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Neglectful
Impact of parenting style
Lamborn et al (1991)
Self report study of 4100 15-18 year olds
Findings
Authoritarian
Moderate achiever
Poor social skills, self esteem and high level of depression
Permissive
Less of achiever
Problem behaviour, high self esteem, good social skills
Neglectful
Poor achievement
Poor emotional regulation and high levels of anti-social behaviour
Authoritative
High achievers
Socially competent
Genetic studies
Bouchard (2003)
Conducted a review of literature on genes, the environment and five domains of individual differences
Studies of DZ twins, MZ twins and MZ twins reared apart
Findings
Non-shared environment 26%
Shared environment 7%
Genetic influence 40%
Conclusion
Family environment plays a small part in personality
non-shared environment = parenting style (in importance to personality)
The role of the father
Mothers are still more involved than fathers
Lewis (1986)
Mother = safe haven
Father = play
Cabrera et al (2000)
More mothers going back to work
Langlois and Downs (1980)
Fathers are more likely to reinforce sex stereotypes
in the last 40 years fathers have increased involvement with children