Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lecture 4, 3 Project Management Techniques - Coggle Diagram
Lecture 4
Challenges That May Arise
Problems with
payments / cash flow
Failure of
suppliers
to deliver essential materials
Regulatory & legal restrictions
relating to health & safety
Changes
in original design made by designers after work has started
Bad weather
Planning & Designing Visitor Attractions
Elements requiring attention include
On-site
transportation
Location & route
of on-site footpaths & roads
Overall
layout
of the site &
location
of facilities, buildings and structures
Facilities, buildings & structures –
size, form, appearance, color & materials
Support facilities & services
– car parks, restrooms
Why Is “Design” Important?
Ensure efficient & effective
use of resources
(land, manpower)
Create desired
feeling & atmosphere
for attraction
Obtain
approval
from owner, developer, decisionmakers & financial institutions
Give
clear
guidance to people managing development of attraction project & build it
Attract
potential investors
Developing attraction requires meticulous attention to detail in planning & design of attraction
Attraction Design Objectives
User-Friendliness
Clear
signage & signposting
Strategic
location of info counters & info boards
Environmental Friendliness
Selection of environmentally-friendly
materials
--> create appearance of attraction to provide intended
atmosphere
Measures to
reduce noise
generated by attraction
Safety & Security
Emergency exits
Car park security system
Aesthetic Appeal
Suitability & safety
of methods of access to site
Noise generated
by attraction & its impact on surroundings
Profit & Income Generation
Visually striking
entrance
--> create inviting appeal + photo taking spot
Efficient & effective
queuing system
–-> manage & control crowd
Financing Visitor Attraction Projects
2 Sources Of Funding
Direct funding
Types of funding
Private Sector
Overdrafts, loans, equity, commercial mortgages, venture capital
Public Sector
Financial support --> subsidies/grants --> govt, authorities
Decision to fund based on: Economic benefits for country, Opportunity costs
Voluntary Sector
Financial support from voluntary organizations - minor role, only for small proj with conservation / educational purposes
Religious organizations
Direct financial ($$$) contributions (e.g. investments, loans)
Indirect funding
Indirect financial ‘help in-kind', providing goods and services to reduce capital costs
Types of funding
Private Sector
Leasing, hire purchase, sponsorship, sale & leaseback, concessions & franchises
Public & Voluntary Sector
Provision of land and buildings free of charge or
at reduced costs
Availability of labor through job training schemes
Provision of voluntary labor (volunteers)
Capital funding is required for:
Site preparation
Constructing new buildings & attractions
Site acquisition
Expenditures relating to the launch & opening
Project preparation including feasibility studies
Attracting External Funding
Attraction developers need to decide
How much money do we need ?
When the money is needed ?
Ways of obtaining finance differs in terms of
Procedures
Conditions
Attraction Development Project Management
B. Managing time
Working within
time-scales
based on opening date of attraction
Add
pressure
to development team
Make
allowance
for unforeseen circumstances
C. Managing quality
Developing attraction to
appropriate quality standard
Compromise
between constraints of resources, time, & budget
A. Managing resources
Materials : Building materials, equipment, furniture
People : Builders, designers, operations staff
3 Project Management Techniques
Project Evaluation & Review Technique
(PERT)
Separates
various components of projects into individual
tasks & jobs
Completion
dates estimated
Individual tasks analyzed in terms of likely
time
to
complete
them, with 3 possible time-scales for each
shortest possible
the most likely
the longest possible
Critical Path Analysis (CPA)
Time-based technique
Puts tasks in
chronological sequence
with
time-scales
to each job (Gantt chart)
Analyses coordination required between key players (relationship)
Identifies all
tasks
involved in the project from start to finish
Linear Programming
Mathematical technique
-->help managers plan
most effective use of resources
Technique used in project management
Variables
can be introduced into program to show
alternative ways
of achieving desired outcome