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Why do we fall ill? - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Social environment
        
        People live in societies
        
        Thus social environment effects individual health
      - Physical environment
        
        Surrounding environment
        
        Physical health of a person is affected during natural disasters
        
        Sometimes physical environment is decided by social environment
        
        In villages if proper sanitation isn't available
        
        If in cities the garbage is not being taken, or drains are open
  - - - Hygiene is cleanliness that should be maintained individually
      - Sanitation refers to the cleanliness that should be maintained socially in a society
    - - Faecal matter
        
        Fingers
        
        Wash hands
        
        Floods
        
        Proper drainage system
        
        Treatment of water
        
        Flies
        
        Cover food
        
        Control flies
        
        Fields
        
        Wash vegetables and fruits
        
        Avoid open defaction
        
        Fluids
        
        Protect the water sources
        
        Healthy person
        
        Treat and store water safely
  - - - Literally means being uncomfortable
- - - - These changes give rise to symptoms and signs that are associated with the disease
    - - These indicate there may be a disease but they don't indicate what the disease may be
    - - signs will give a little more definite indication of the presence of a particular disease
  - - - Diseases, where microbes are the immediate causes, are called infectious diseases.
        
        Microbes spread in the community, and the disease they cause will spread with them
    - - There are diseases not caused by infectious agents.
        
        These are mostly internal non infectious causes
        
        The ways in which diseases spread, and the ways in which they can be treated and prevented at the community level would be different for different diseases. This would depend a lot on whether the immediate causes are infectious or non-infectious.
  - - - Where did the disease come from? (family, food, water etc)
        
        Why is that the particular individual got that disease but not others?
        
        Why is the individual not healthy?
        
        Genetic
        
        Malnourished or unhealthy
        
        Poverty or lack of services
    - - Genetic disorders
      - malfunctioning of bodyparts
      - Hormonal imbalances
      - Malfunctioning of immune system
    - - Unbalanced diet
      - pathogens
      - Environmental pollutants
      - Tobacco, alcohol, and narcotic drugs
  - - - Some diseases last for only very short periods of time, and these are called acute diseases.
        
        Will not cause major effects on our health
    - - Other ailments can last for a long time, even as much as a lifetime, and are called chronic diseases.
        
        we are likely to have prolonged general poor health if we have a chronic disease. Chronic diseases therefore, have very drastic long-term effects on people’s health as compared to acute diseases.
- - - - Bacteria
        
        Cholera, typhoid fever
      - Protozoa
        
        Malaria, kala-azar
      - worms
        
        Elephantiasis
      - Fungi
        
        Athlete's foot
      - Virus
        
        Influenza, Covid, AIDs
  - - - The infectious agents have many common characteristics
        
        Viruses live inside host cells
        
        Viruses, bacteria and fungi multiply very fast
        
        Worms multiply slowly
        
        Bacteria and virus don't have similar life processes
        
        Bacteria are closely related to each other than virus
        
        As a result, drugs that block one of these life processes in one member of the group is likely to be effective against many other members of the group. But the same drug will not work against a microbe belonging to a different group.
        
        antibiotics. They commonly block biochemical pathways important for bacteria.
        
        bacteria, for example, make a cell-wall to protect themselves. The antibiotic penicillin blocks the bacterial processes that build the cell-wall. As a result, the growing bacteria become unable to make cell-walls, and die easily.
        
        1 more item...
        
        If there is a viral infection, antibiotics won't have any affect
        
        However if we get a bacterial infection along with viral infection, then taking antibiotic will help
        
        Even then the antibiotic will work only against the bacterial infection, viral infection will still remain
  - - - Provide treatments that reduce symptoms
      - Symptoms are usually result of inflammation
        
        Eg. we can take medicine to bring down fever, reduce pain by painkillers etc.
      - However such kind of treatment is inadequate because the pathogens are still present
    - - Take medicines that kill microbes
        
        We will have to choose a medicine that only works on the parasite or pathogen and not the affect the host's metabolism