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revision y7, Biology, History - End of Year - Medieval Realms, Physics,…

- - - - Cell wall
    - - They both have
        
        A nucleus: controls the cell
        
        Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance that holds the cell organelles. Where chemical reactions happen
        
        A cell membrane: Selectively permeable, it controls what enters and leaves the cell
        
        Mitochondria
      - Plant cells additionally have:
        
        A permanent, large vacuole: Storage space filled with cell sap
        
        A cell wall: Made of cellulose, it is an outer layer that gives it shape/structure and prevents bursting
        
        Chloroplasts: green :white_circle: that has a green pigment called chlorophyll - where photosynthesis happens
  - - - Transports oxygen around body
      - Biconcave disc shape for increased surface area to absorb more oxygen
      - Has a :red_circle: pigment called haemoglobin to absorb oxygen
      - No nucleus for more haemoglobin fot for oxygen #
    - - Fuses with sperm to form a zygote
      - Thick outer layer so no more than one sperm can penetrate
      - Large cytoplasm with yolk as an energy store
    - - Flagellum (tail) for movement; to swim
      - Lots of mitochondria for energy for movement
      - Enzyme bag in the acrosome (head) to penetrate the :egg: cell's outer layer
      - Delivers genes to the :egg: cell
    - - Long, thin
      - Absorbs nutrients from the soil
      - Long, thin side protrusion - increased surface area - absorb more
    - - Remains of cells
      - Lignin - extra strength
      - Strengthened cellulose cell wall
      - Transports :droplet: in plant
- - - - in 1077
    - - celebrate victory over Saxons at Battle of Hastings on 14 Oct 1066
      - paid for by Bishop Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux, William's brother
  - - - both claimed they were rightful :crown:
    - - A Norman cavalryman
      - A Norman archer
      - ≈ (approx.) same size as H's
        
        but soldiers well trained and well armed
      - included
        
        archers
        
        stones + arrows could kill from distance and
        
        slingers (fires stones using sling)
        
        cavalrymen
        
        could attack quickly
        
        infantrymen (foot soldiers) w/ swords + spears
        
        could get in close and
      - William could vary tactics because
      - W also brought cooks, etc. to support army
    - - A Saxon housecarl
      - led army to top of Senlac Hill, waited for Norman attack
      - 500 well-armed, well-trained housecarls, abt 6,500 less well-trained fyrd
      - no hauberk (chainmail coat) but did have :shield:s
        
        used them to form a :shield:wall to protect H
        
        was :key: to their tactics
- - - - Normans had to attack :arrow_heading_up:hill
      - :bow_and_arrow:s bounced off :shield:wall
      - rumour that W was dead
        
        W took risk of removing helmet in battle
        
        to rally troops
        
        proved rumour :red_cross:
        
        said "Look at me well! I am alive and by God's grace I shall yet be the victor!"
  - - - this worked
    - - Bayeux tapestry shows him being shot in :eye: by :bow_and_arrow:
- - - - ordered that :european_castle: be built...
        
        all around country
        
        in places where were many rebellions
        
        :!!: (important) trading centres
      - :old_key: to plan was :fast_forward: (speed)
      - Motte and bailey castles Link to Image
        
        Why?
        
        Norman knights could keep watch on rebel areas
        
        had fortress to defend if under attack
        
        W could reward :+1::skin-tone-4: knights by giving impressive new :house_with_garden:
        
        av. 4 castles/yr built throughout W's 30-yr reign
    - - shared out land w/ loyal knights
        
        replaced Saxon earls
      - for many, land was :old_key: to power + :gem:
      - knights
        
        helped keep control
        
        defended from invasion
        
        raised army
      - in return for land, barons had to send W knights for own army, 40 days/yr
        
        were also sheriffs for area - kept fines - collected taxes - gave W fixed sum
- - - - but... motte often couldn't hold weight of it
        
        so... instead built square keep inside bailey
        
        for safety, entrance at 1st floor, up flight of stairs
    - - lords + ladies moved into :house_buildings: in bailey
        
        but... not as protected
        
        so... strengthened walls
    - - if too high, no :droplet: in moat
        
        dry moat - ditch
  - - - :bow_and_arrow: loops allowed shooting to defend foot of castle wall
    - - w/ machicolations
        
        holes in ground
        
        to drop stones/nasty liquids on attackers
    - - then 'the killing ground'
        
        under fire from every side, if make it through that, another gate + portcullis
    - - only important ppl had :bed:s, like constable (looked after castle, supervised, when master/lord away)
      - toilets called garderobe
        
        below the seat was a shaft that send waste down into the castle ditch
        
        sometimes, castle captures by someone climbing up toilet shaft, opening gate
- - - - If the mass of an object is 50g and the volume of it is 10cm^3, what is the density?
        Write your answer like this: D = m/V = 50/10 = 5 g/cm^3
      - If the mass of an object is 85g, and the density is 9 g/cm^3, find the volume of the object.
        V = m/D m= 85/9 = 9.44cm^3
        note that I have rounded it to 3 sig fig
      - If the volume of an object is 55cm^3, and the density is 8.5g/cm^3, what is the mass of the object?
        m = D x V = 8.5 x 55 = 468g
        note that it is rounded to 3 sig fig
  - - - e.g oil floats on water because its density is less than that of water (they don't mix because oil and water are immiscible) #
    - - e.g. mercury sinks in water because its density is greater than that of water #
    - - Abrev. ans: Ships have lots of hollow bits with air - average density of steel and air becomes less than density of seawater so ship floats
      - Actual ans (in my own words):
        Ships are shaped in a way that they have hollow cavities, filled with air. The average density of the air and steel is less than the density of the seawater, because air has a low density. This means that the ship will float on seawater.
    - - Abrev. ans: Submarines fill ballast tanks with water, increasing average density, making it sink
        Submarines pump water out of ballast tanks, decreasing average density, making it rise
- - - - e.g. for AD 1975 cover 75, add 1, 20th Century AD
      - e.g. for BC 335, cover 35, add 1, 4th Century BC
      - What about for 9 BC? Or AD 16? Still cover the last 2 digits (9 or 16) and add 1 - 1st Century BC for 9 BC and 1st Century AD for AD 16
      - What about 300 BC? It is not in the 4th Century, but instead in the 3rd Century BC
      - What about AD 1100? It is not in the 12th Century, but instead in the 11th Century AD #
- - - - =cell reference*cell reference to multiply two cells
        
        =cell reference/cell reference to divide one cell by another
        
        This can work for more than two cells (e.g. =cell reference + cell reference + cell reference + cell reference)
    - - e.g. =if(A2>5, "big", "small") or =if(C4 = "apple", "yes", "no")
    - - =count(cell reference:cell reference)
        this counts numeric values
      - =counta(cell reference:cell reference)
        this counts everything except blanks
      - =countblank(cell reference:cell reference)
        this counts blank cells
      - =countif(cell reference:cell reference, "criteria")
        
        e.g. =countif(A2:C5, ">20") or =countif(B6:E10, "computer")
        
        however, for countif to work, it must be exact, e.g. if you have =countif(F4:H8, "grapes"), it will not count a cell with the words 'green grapes' in it
- - - - Motherboard: connects everything
      - CPU: stands for Central Proccessing Unit, and it runs programs
      - RAM: stands for Random Access Memory, it runs fast, but has a low storage space, so data currently being used is sent herer from the hard disk (causing loading) to make using it faster
      - ROM: stands for Read Only Memory, it cannot be edited by computer, this stores the basic intstructions that the computer needs to function, called the BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
      - Hard disk: slow speed at sending to CPU, has high storage spacce, so this is where the computer stores data not currently being used
      - Video card/Graphics card/GPU: GPU stands for Graphics Processing Unit, this displays things on the monitor by lighting up the correct pixels on the monitor in the right colour at the right time
    - - Monitor/VDU: stands for Visual Display Unit, this is where things are displayed.
      - Case: stores everything
      - This can also include: printers, speakers, webcams, etc.
  - - - Immediate Access Store: tiny memory store
      - Control Unit: controls input and output devices
      - Arithmetic Logic Unit: Where arithmetic and logical calculations take place
- - - - 386 BC - Most of Rome :fire: by Gauls (:flag-fr:) in N
        
        270 BC Rome controls most of center and all of south of :flag-it:
        
        just < 200 BC - Rome's hardest :crossed_swords: against Carthage :second_place_medal: one
        
        146 BC - Carthage :explode:
        
        55 & 54 BC - Caesar tries to invade :flag-gb: (tries twice)
        
        49 BC - Caesar breaks law by bringing army close to Rome without permission :arrow_right: civil :crossed_swords:
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Result of teachings of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) in Mecca + Madina
        
        In modern Saudi
        
        :man::skin-tone-2::woman::skin-tone-6::boy::skin-tone-5::girl::skin-tone-3: respond to :male-teacher: about 1ness of God
        
        more sense than multiple gods/spirits, didn't satisfy meaning of life
        
        Result
        
        prev. :crossed_swords: tribes of Arabia unite
        
        :red_cross: social class system + racial discrimination
        
        Islam considers all ppl = It also
        
        Also respects other religions, allows ppl to practice their own religion
  - - - Greek
      - Jewish
      - Persian
      - Christian
      - Zoroastrian
        
        Ancient Persian
      - Hindu
    - - :telescope:astronomy + :1234: studied by scholars
      - All main :scroll::books: works of Greeks translated :arrow_right: Arabic
    - - Islamic :earth_asia: much more literate than Europe
- - - - isolated
      - self-sufficient
      - Good conditions for :male-farmer: and herding encouraged settlement + population density :arrow_up: Important - Links to Introduction Important - Result = M. Important Requirement of Primitive Civi
        
        Caused conflicts for control of :cityscape:
        
        Produced co-operation to solve problems
        
        Usually to do w/ :droplet: + agriculture
        
        Result = surplus of :shallow_pan_of_food:
        
        Then, not every :silhouettes: must be :female-farmer::skin-tone-2: to survive
        
        Development of specialist craftsmen, :building_construction:, wood + metal workers, potters, weavers
        
        :!: Not everything available Gave rise to
        
        Trade
        
        2 more items...
    - - occupied in 8500 BC
- - - - for over 3000 yrs
      - ended 30 BC
    - - abt 800-1500
      - traded salt, gold, ivory, pottery, silks, slaves
      - Mansa Musa, once ruler, we think was wealthiest person ever
- - - - Aerosol
        
        Solid/liquid dispersed in gas
        
        :fog: (smoke), :cloud:, hairspray
      - Foam
        
        gas dispersed in liquid
        
        foam, froth
        
        gas dispersed in solid
        
        pumice stone, meringue